{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223047543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.2000035","title":"Population-weighted and area-weighted ambient PM2.5 and O3 concentrations in China from 2015 to 2024","display_name":"Population-weighted and area-weighted ambient PM2.5 and O3 concentrations in China from 2015 to 2024","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223047543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.2000035"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.2000035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.2000035","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.2000035","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.2000035/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595931848","display_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","issn_l":"2296-2565","issn":["2296-2565"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.2000035/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113965332","display_name":"Xiaowei Mai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124657","display_name":"Panyu District Central Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02wwftm12","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124657"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92039509","display_name":"Guangzhou Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zat6v61","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92039509"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaowei Mai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Emergency, The Affiliated Panyu Central Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Emergency, The Affiliated Panyu Central Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124657","https://openalex.org/I92039509"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124737484","display_name":"Zhenyu Liang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159948400","display_name":"Jinan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xe5ns62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenyu Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159142739","display_name":"Lin Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159948400","display_name":"Jinan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xe5ns62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012108034","display_name":"Debo Xu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159948400","display_name":"Jinan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xe5ns62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debo Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048969244","display_name":"Yonghua Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8485-0755","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8485-0755"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124657","display_name":"Panyu District Central Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02wwftm12","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124657"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92039509","display_name":"Guangzhou Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zat6v61","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92039509"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yonghua Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Emergency, The Affiliated Panyu Central Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Emergency, The Affiliated Panyu Central Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124657","https://openalex.org/I92039509"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159095574","display_name":"Junyi Xia","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405254154","display_name":"The No. 2 People's Hospital of Lanzhou","ror":"https://ror.org/01fxcka27","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405254154"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Junyi Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Second People\u2019s Hospital of Panyu District"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Second People\u2019s Hospital of Panyu District","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405254154"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048969244","https://openalex.org/A5159095574"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124657","https://openalex.org/I4405254154","https://openalex.org/I92039509"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74632591,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.9624000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.9624000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10075","display_name":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","score":0.015799999237060547,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.010200000368058681,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pm2-5","display_name":"PM2.5","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ozone","display_name":"ozone","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-quality","display_name":"air quality","score":0.3880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-distribution-of-pollution","display_name":"spatial distribution of pollution","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-quality-trends","display_name":"air quality trends","score":0.4169999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.569100022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.45820000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151011524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11573","display_name":"Metre","level":2,"score":0.42590001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.41440001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.4066999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.40369999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6350597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339495","display_name":"Altitude (triangle)","level":2,"score":0.39250001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76758496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191118","display_name":"Tonne","level":2,"score":0.3806000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.33329999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.33180001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120359367","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490032","display_name":"Chine","level":3,"score":0.32409998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24245907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498957","display_name":"Particulates","level":2,"score":0.32179999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41856607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483130","display_name":"Geographic information system","level":2,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64297162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1987070","display_name":"Deposition (geology)","level":3,"score":0.289900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C508106653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36933","display_name":"Ozone","level":2,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82685317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19829510","display_name":"Pollutant","level":2,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.2000035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.2000035","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.2000035","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.2000035/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595931848","display_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","issn_l":"2296-2565","issn":["2296-2565"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10964316/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10964316/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10964316/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10964316/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.2000035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.2000035","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.2000035","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.2000035/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595931848","display_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","issn_l":"2296-2565","issn":["2296-2565"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5683000087738037,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223047543.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223047543.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2885542057","https://openalex.org/W3092861045","https://openalex.org/W3096846826","https://openalex.org/W3190822217","https://openalex.org/W4200575110","https://openalex.org/W4362581459","https://openalex.org/W4391819681","https://openalex.org/W4404608982","https://openalex.org/W4410068849"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386034680","https://openalex.org/W4384028941","https://openalex.org/W4285388922","https://openalex.org/W4205333688","https://openalex.org/W4380836946","https://openalex.org/W4295102605","https://openalex.org/W4391041983","https://openalex.org/W4416105143","https://openalex.org/W3132778658","https://openalex.org/W2985003371"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"China":[1],"has":[2],"experienced":[3],"declining":[4,153],"fine":[5],"particulate":[6],"matter":[7],"(PM2.5)":[8],"and":[9,40,43,59,124,155,176,179,184],"persistent":[10],"ozone":[11],"(O3)":[12],"concerns,":[13],"but":[14],"national":[15],"geographic":[16,67,185],"averages":[17],"do":[18],"not":[19],"describe":[20,168],"the":[21,94,137],"concentration":[22],"distribution":[23],"where":[24],"people":[25],"reside.":[26],"We":[27],"conducted":[28],"an":[29],"ecological":[30],"geospatial":[31],"analysis":[32],"using":[33],"annual":[34,75],"approximately":[35],"1":[36],"km":[37],"ChinaHighAirPollutants":[38],"PM2.5":[39,82,115,154,175],"O3":[41,96,127,177],"rasters":[42,46],"WorldPop":[44,56],"population-count":[45],"for":[47,114,126],"2015":[48],"to":[49,55,86,101,118,130],"2024.":[50],"CHAP":[51],"values":[52],"were":[53,63],"matched":[54],"cell":[57],"centres,":[58],"population-weighted":[60,109,173,183],"ambient":[61,174],"concentrations":[62,178],"compared":[64],"with":[65],"unweighted":[66],"means.":[68],"At":[69,136],"0.2":[70],"degree":[71],"resolution,":[72],"descriptive":[73],"linear":[74],"slopes":[76],"characterized":[77],"local":[78],"pollutant":[79],"trends.":[80],"Population-weighted":[81],"declined":[83],"from":[84,99,116,128],"53.06":[85],"31.25":[87],"micrograms":[88,103,120,132,140],"per":[89,104,121,133,141,144],"cubic":[90,105,122,134,142],"metre":[91,106,123,143],"(41.1%),":[92],"whereas":[93],"corresponding":[95],"metric":[97],"increased":[98],"77.06":[100],"96.75":[102],"(25.6%).":[107],"The":[108,158],"minus":[110],"geographic-mean":[111],"difference":[112],"narrowed":[113],"5.77":[117],"2.43":[119],"widened":[125],"1.01":[129],"2.72":[131],"metre.":[135],"prespecified":[138],"0.5":[139],"year":[145],"slope":[146],"threshold,":[147],"97.38%":[148],"of":[149],"valid":[150],"blocks":[151],"had":[152],"rising":[156],"O3.":[157],"same":[159],"pattern":[160],"remained":[161],"predominant":[162],"across":[163],"alternative":[164],"thresholds.":[165],"These":[166],"results":[167],"a":[169],"broad":[170],"divergence":[171],"in":[172,187],"support":[180],"reporting":[181],"both":[182],"summaries":[186],"integrated":[188],"air-quality":[189],"assessment.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-10-21T00:00:00"}
