{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223044682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1765017","title":"Depression, anxiety, and stress at different time frames in relation to COVID-19 disease course: a Flemish observational study","display_name":"Depression, anxiety, and stress at different time frames in relation to COVID-19 disease course: a Flemish observational study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223044682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1765017","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42978881","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13727632"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1765017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1765017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1765017","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1765017/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1765017/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159003321","display_name":"Gwendy Darras","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gwendy Darras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychoanalysis and Clinical Consulting, Ghent University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychoanalysis and Clinical Consulting, Ghent University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029912760","display_name":"Mattias Desmet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7954-6078","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7954-6078"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mattias Desmet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychoanalysis and Clinical Consulting, Ghent University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychoanalysis and Clinical Consulting, Ghent University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159011295","display_name":"Wim Schoutens","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wim Schoutens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics and Risk, University of Leuven"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics and Risk, University of Leuven","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062402665","display_name":"Dries Debeer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5875-357X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5875-357X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dries Debeer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042958043","display_name":"Andrea E. Lamont","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2427-014X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2427-014X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea E. Lamont","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054865844","display_name":"Jay Bhattacharya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3867-3174","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3867-3174","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9426-8718"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jayanta Bhattacharya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007482776","display_name":"Lieven Annemans","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8305-7210","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8305-7210"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lieven Annemans","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5159003321"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82771611,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"1765017","last_page":"1765017"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10168","display_name":"COVID-19 and Mental Health","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10168","display_name":"COVID-19 and Mental Health","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11368","display_name":"Long-Term Effects of COVID-19","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10041","display_name":"COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-distress","display_name":"psychological distress","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depression","display_name":"depression","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anxiety","display_name":"anxiety","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stress","display_name":"stress","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-course","display_name":"clinical course","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symptom-duration","display_name":"symptom duration","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symptom-severity","display_name":"symptom severity","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dass-21","display_name":"DASS-21","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recall-bias","display_name":"recall bias","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-report-bias","display_name":"self-report bias","score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"causal inference","score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccination-status","display_name":"vaccination status","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comorbidity","display_name":"comorbidities","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prior-sars-cov-2-infection","display_name":"prior SARS-CoV-2 infection","score":0.9039999842643738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.7023000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139265228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283089","display_name":"Distress","level":2,"score":0.6847000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776802314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34147","display_name":"Flemish","level":2,"score":0.635699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6198999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.5479000210762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.5392000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112758219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16038819","display_name":"Duration (music)","level":2,"score":0.46869999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020031316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6817452","display_name":"Psychological distress","level":3,"score":0.3995000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21036866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181767","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.35519999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779466056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107630651","display_name":"Time point","level":2,"score":0.352400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780015598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3500368","display_name":"Psychological stress","level":2,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134362201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309","display_name":"Mental health","level":2,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776867660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814941","display_name":"Depression (economics)","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1765017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1765017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1765017","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1765017/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13727632","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13727632/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13727632/pdf/fpsyg-17-1765017.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Psychol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42978881","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42978881","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in psychology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c208eeaef7054a4bbdeadd5ba900676d","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c208eeaef7054a4bbdeadd5ba900676d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology, Vol 17 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1765017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1765017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1765017","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1765017/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/03qtxy027"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327336","display_name":"Vlaamse regering","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223044682.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223044682.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2007492082","https://openalex.org/W2107337543","https://openalex.org/W2113187839","https://openalex.org/W2113957290","https://openalex.org/W2138542005","https://openalex.org/W2144476887","https://openalex.org/W2161365979","https://openalex.org/W2238586764","https://openalex.org/W2327530675","https://openalex.org/W2587941297","https://openalex.org/W2754631276","https://openalex.org/W2925589558","https://openalex.org/W2965376214","https://openalex.org/W3009847344","https://openalex.org/W3024894164","https://openalex.org/W3030352285","https://openalex.org/W3034870820","https://openalex.org/W3035353028","https://openalex.org/W3040916172","https://openalex.org/W3041485345","https://openalex.org/W3083453839","https://openalex.org/W3091776202","https://openalex.org/W3093183334","https://openalex.org/W3093568904","https://openalex.org/W3110253718","https://openalex.org/W3111189847","https://openalex.org/W3135164656","https://openalex.org/W3139180626","https://openalex.org/W3157733336","https://openalex.org/W3168924862","https://openalex.org/W3177048948","https://openalex.org/W3184107630","https://openalex.org/W3198988942","https://openalex.org/W3203310594","https://openalex.org/W3216340790","https://openalex.org/W4205204576","https://openalex.org/W4205208574","https://openalex.org/W4220718662","https://openalex.org/W4223573824","https://openalex.org/W4224216025","https://openalex.org/W4228999274","https://openalex.org/W4229663249","https://openalex.org/W4283210134","https://openalex.org/W4288074542","https://openalex.org/W4307269558","https://openalex.org/W4309366250","https://openalex.org/W4318916362","https://openalex.org/W4320892349","https://openalex.org/W4324387501","https://openalex.org/W4387799170","https://openalex.org/W4388720495","https://openalex.org/W4396596934","https://openalex.org/W4400781554","https://openalex.org/W4403135654","https://openalex.org/W4403749058","https://openalex.org/W4406385783","https://openalex.org/W4415369846"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3135687300","https://openalex.org/W7138863742","https://openalex.org/W7162143799","https://openalex.org/W4367183797","https://openalex.org/W4318755620","https://openalex.org/W4386225949","https://openalex.org/W3183845490","https://openalex.org/W3216340790","https://openalex.org/W3106955005","https://openalex.org/W4388424266"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Psychological":[1,66],"distress":[2,67,120,215,269],"can":[3],"impact":[4],"the":[5,71,95,103,130,135,168,224,279,310],"course":[6,35,81,133],"of":[7,37,41,85,129,137,147,157,174,185,209,230,241,256,262,267,291,295,340],"viral":[8],"infections":[9],"such":[10,105],"as":[11,106],"COVID-19.":[12],"This":[13,317],"study":[14,320],"aimed":[15],"to":[16,56,93,152,181,192,237,248,335,350],"examine":[17],"how":[18],"depression,":[19],"anxiety,":[20],"and":[21,26,39,74,78,110,145,183,239,289,305,329,338,343,357],"stress,":[22],"which":[23],"occurred":[24],"before":[25,142,216,221,286,304],"during":[27,165,306],"COVID-19":[28,33,63,79,131,143,217,275,287,307],"infection,":[29,218],"are":[30],"associated":[31,272,326],"with":[32,82,126,150,172,273,327],"disease":[34,80,132],"(number":[36],"symptoms":[38,175,186,231,242],"duration":[40,146,184,240,290],"symptoms)":[42],"in":[43,102,204,258,354],"Flemish":[44],"outpatients.":[45],"Methods:":[46],"In":[47],"early":[48],"2022,":[49],"a":[50,61,83,298,322,355],"two-wave":[51],"web-based":[52],"survey":[53,319],"was":[54,68,196],"administered":[55],"3,025":[57],"adults":[58],"who":[59],"had":[60,223],"positive":[62],"PCR":[64],"test.":[65],"assessed":[69],"using":[70],"Depression,":[72],"Anxiety,":[73],"Stress":[75],"Scale-21":[76],"(DASS-21)":[77],"set":[84],"self-constructed":[86],"items.":[87],"Generalized":[88],"linear":[89],"models":[90],"were":[91,100,270],"used":[92],"evaluate":[94],"associations.":[96],"Several":[97],"control":[98],"variables":[99],"included":[101],"analysis,":[104],"vaccination":[107],"status,":[108],"comorbidities,":[109],"previous":[111],"SARS-CoV-2":[112],"infection.":[113],"Results:":[114],"Across":[115,160],"all":[116,161],"time":[117,162],"frames,":[118,163],"psychological":[119,158,214,268],"showed":[121,167,297],"consistent,":[122],"statistically":[123],"significant":[124],"associations":[125,202,353],"both":[127,341],"aspects":[128],"(with":[134],"exception":[136],"psychopharmaceutical":[138,282],"use":[139,283],"3":[140,284],"years":[141,285],"infection":[144,166,222,288,308],"symptoms),":[148],"albeit":[149],"small":[151],"moderate":[153],"effect":[154],"sizes":[155],"typical":[156],"research.":[159],"anxiety":[164,219,302],"largest":[169,225],"point":[170,226],"estimates":[171],"number":[173,229],"(IRR:":[176,232],"1.20,":[177],"95%":[178,189,234,245],"CI":[179,190,235,246],"1.16":[180],"1.23)":[182],"(OR:":[187,243],"1.79,":[188],"1.55":[191],"2.07).":[193],"However,":[194],"there":[195],"no":[197],"statistical":[198],"evidence":[199,255],"that":[200],"these":[201,352],"differed":[203],"magnitude":[205,294],"from":[206],"other":[207],"types":[208,261],"distress.":[210,263],"When":[211],"focusing":[212],"on":[213],"short-term":[220,303],"estimate":[227],"for":[228,278],"1.13,":[233],"1.09":[236],"1.16)":[238],"1.40,":[244],"1.22":[247],"1.61),":[249],"although":[250],"we":[251],"did":[252],"not":[253,314],"find":[254],"differences":[257],"effects":[259,296],"across":[260],"Conclusion:":[264],"All":[265],"measures":[266],"significantly":[271,315],"worse":[274],"outcomes,":[276],"except":[277],"association":[280],"between":[281],"symptoms.":[292],"The":[293],"consistent":[299],"trend":[300],"whereby":[301],"showing":[309],"strongest":[311],"associations,":[312],"though":[313],"different.":[316],"observational":[318],"has":[321],"few":[323],"notable":[324],"limitations":[325],"measurement":[328],"casual":[330],"inferences,":[331],"including":[332],"those":[333],"related":[334],"recall":[336],"bias":[337],"self-report":[339],"independent":[342],"outcome":[344],"variables.":[345],"Further":[346],"research":[347],"is":[348],"needed":[349],"clarify":[351],"causal":[356],"mechanistic":[358],"framework.":[359]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-10-21T00:00:00"}
