{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223027271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ckdne_v3","title":"Genuine association or spurious responses? An experimental investigation of the association between cryptocurrency trading and Problem Gambling Severity Index scores","display_name":"Genuine association or spurious responses? An experimental investigation of the association between cryptocurrency trading and Problem Gambling Severity Index scores","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223027271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ckdne_v3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/ckdne_v3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ckdne_v3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ckdne_v3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ckdne_v3","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122233044","display_name":"Maira Andrade","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2741-8875","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2741-8875"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maira ANDRADE","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034622149","display_name":"Leonardo Weiss\u2010Cohen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6355-9619","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6355-9619"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonardo Weiss-Cohen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6355-9619","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053645340","display_name":"Richard J. E. James","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6644-7011","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6644-7011"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard J. E. James","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6644-7011","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008192526","display_name":"Leon Y. Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0709-0777","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0709-0777"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leon Y. Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0709-0777","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129138882","display_name":"Philip Newall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1660-9254","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1660-9254"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip Newall","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11705","display_name":"Gambling Behavior and Treatments","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11705","display_name":"Gambling Behavior and Treatments","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10355","display_name":"Impact of Technology on Adolescents","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency-trading","display_name":"cryptocurrency trading","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/problem-gambling-severity-index","display_name":"Problem Gambling Severity Index","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/problem-gambling","display_name":"problem gambling","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trading-frequency","display_name":"trading frequency","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/price-monitoring","display_name":"price monitoring","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency-ownership","display_name":"cryptocurrency ownership","score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumer-protection","display_name":"consumer protection","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-regulation","display_name":"financial regulation","score":0.5730000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.9171000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.8848000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6887000203132629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.5397999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.5152999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.43149998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4180999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.35740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.3508000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.3440999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19244329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208697","display_name":"Financial market","level":2,"score":0.30379998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193524817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386780","display_name":"Association rule learning","level":2,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553","display_name":"Financial economics","level":1,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109574028","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647525","display_name":"Behavioral economics","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18619997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47627","display_name":"Experimental economics","level":2,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018260909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1322871","display_name":"Exploratory analysis","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/ckdne_v3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ckdne_v3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ckdne_v3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/ckdne_v3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ckdne_v3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ckdne_v3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.428600013256073}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial","display_name":"Clinical Trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7146526737","https://openalex.org/W2909134377","https://openalex.org/W2961512250","https://openalex.org/W4410020072","https://openalex.org/W4309111479","https://openalex.org/W3173012613","https://openalex.org/W4297176408","https://openalex.org/W4413788709","https://openalex.org/W4401735954","https://openalex.org/W7015239108"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"and":[1,15,92,124,149,154,160,180,186,218,222],"aims:":[2],"Cryptocurrency":[3,112],"trading":[4,24,101,113,119,147,194,217],"has":[5,41],"become":[6],"a":[7,57,103,109,188,212],"popular":[8],"activity":[9],"worldwide,":[10],"despite":[11],"being":[12],"largely":[13],"unregulated":[14],"posing":[16],"high":[17],"risks.":[18],"Previous":[19],"studies":[20],"have":[21],"correlated":[22],"cryptocurrency":[23,100,216],"with":[25,176,191],"harmful":[26,219],"gambling":[27,106,223],"as":[28,102],"measured":[29],"by":[30,52,74,83,93,164],"the":[31,89,125,131,144,150,173,181,197,201],"Problem":[32],"Gambling":[33],"Severity":[34],"Index":[35],"(PGSI),":[36],"but":[37],"no":[38],"experimental":[39],"research":[40],"explored":[42],"whether":[43],"these":[44,206],"represent":[45],"genuine":[46,213],"associations":[47],"or":[48,166],"are":[49],"spuriously":[50],"inflated":[51],"methodological":[53],"weaknesses.":[54],"Methods:":[55],"In":[56],"large-scale":[58],"pre-registered":[59],"2x2":[60],"online":[61],"experiment":[62],"(N":[63],"=":[64],"4,781),":[65],"we":[66],"hypothesised":[67],"that":[68],"if":[69],"observed":[70],"correlations":[71],"were":[72],"driven":[73],"spurious":[75],"responding,":[76],"then":[77],"they":[78],"would":[79],"be":[80],"significantly":[81,139],"weakened":[82],"screening":[84,138,165],"out":[85],"non-gamblers":[86],"(compared":[87,107],"to":[88,97,108],"unscreened":[90],"control),":[91],"explicitly":[94],"instructing":[95],"participants":[96],"not":[98,162],"consider":[99,226],"form":[104],"of":[105,127,183],"no-instruction":[110],"control).":[111],"engagement":[114],"was":[115,161],"assessed":[116],"via":[117],"self-reported":[118],"frequency,":[120,123],"price":[121,177],"monitoring":[122,178],"number":[126,182],"coins":[128,184],"owned":[129],"over":[130],"past":[132],"12":[133],"months.":[134],"Results:":[135],"Results":[136],"While":[137],"lowered":[140],"reported":[141],"PGSI":[142,151,202],"scores,":[143],"association":[145,214],"between":[146,215],"frequency":[148,179,195],"remained":[152],"robust":[153],"statistically":[155],"significant":[156],"across":[157],"all":[158,192],"conditions,":[159],"moderated":[163],"providing":[167],"explicit":[168],"instructions.":[169],"Exploratory":[170],"analyses":[171],"found":[172],"same":[174],"patterns":[175],"owned,":[185],"in":[187,200],"combined":[189],"model":[190],"predictors,":[193],"explained":[196],"most":[198],"variance":[199],"outcomes.":[203],"Conclusions:":[204],"Together,":[205],"findings":[207],"provide":[208],"strong":[209],"support":[210],"for":[211,234],"gambling.":[220],"Financial":[221],"regulators":[224],"should":[225],"this":[227],"evidence":[228],"when":[229],"designing":[230],"consumer":[231],"protection":[232],"frameworks":[233],"cryptocurrencies.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-10-21T00:00:00"}
