{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7223013343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14100466","title":"Dietary Nitrate Supplementation and Exercise Performance in Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials","display_name":"Dietary Nitrate Supplementation and Exercise Performance in Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7223013343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14100466","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42931603","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13709359"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sports14100466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14100466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14100466","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210234981","display_name":"Sports","issn_l":"2075-4663","issn":["2075-4663"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14100466","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133658404","display_name":"Yiqing Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1798-6968","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1798-6968"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143804889","display_name":"Loughborough University","ror":"https://ror.org/04vg4w365","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18925743","display_name":"Shanghai University of Sport","ror":"https://ror.org/0056pyw12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18925743"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiqing Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China","School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1798-6968","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18925743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133659662","display_name":"Yeming Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0975-6272","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0975-6272"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18925743","display_name":"Shanghai University of Sport","ror":"https://ror.org/0056pyw12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18925743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yemin Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0975-6272","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18925743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146986934","display_name":"Qing Du","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18925743","display_name":"Shanghai University of Sport","ror":"https://ror.org/0056pyw12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18925743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18925743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113508502","display_name":"Kai Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1403-4127","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1403-4127"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12079687","display_name":"Edith Cowan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jhnwe22","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18925743","display_name":"Shanghai University of Sport","ror":"https://ror.org/0056pyw12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18925743"]}],"countries":["AU","CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kai Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China","School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1403-4127","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18925743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12079687"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113508502"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12079687","https://openalex.org/I18925743"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2172},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2172},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5709867,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"10","first_page":"466","last_page":"466"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11209","display_name":"Cardiovascular and exercise physiology","score":0.48100000619888306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11209","display_name":"Cardiovascular and exercise physiology","score":0.48100000619888306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10157","display_name":"Sports Performance and Training","score":0.19670000672340393,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11585","display_name":"Exercise and Physiological Responses","score":0.14990000426769257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dietary-nitrate-supplementation","display_name":"nitrate supplementation","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beetroot","display_name":"beetroot","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrate-salts","display_name":"nitrate salts","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exercise-performance","display_name":"exercise performance","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/athletes","display_name":"athletes","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peak-power","display_name":"peak power","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vo2max","display_name":"VO2max","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-lactate","display_name":"blood lactate","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-rate","display_name":"heart rate","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rating-of-perceived-exertion","display_name":"rating of perceived exertion","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ergogenic-aids","display_name":"ergogenic aids","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sport-type","display_name":"sport type","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endothelial-function","display_name":"endothelial function","score":0.8619999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7989000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781054738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4813730","display_name":"Athletes","level":2,"score":0.7109000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910772780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182168","display_name":"Dietary Nitrate","level":4,"score":0.5608000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780928941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2372945","display_name":"Rating of perceived exertion","level":4,"score":0.5547000169754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.552299976348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777953023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073121","display_name":"Heart rate","level":3,"score":0.5508000254631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780310989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185948","display_name":"Time trial","level":4,"score":0.4797999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992422156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161249","display_name":"Blood lactate","level":4,"score":0.4733000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.4645000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187960798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7631152","display_name":"Subgroup analysis","level":3,"score":0.4318999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.42809998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.38269999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776384668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182168","display_name":"Nitrate","level":2,"score":0.37630000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133165541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472094","display_name":"Exercise physiology","level":2,"score":0.36910000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196310339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60354","display_name":"VO2 max","level":4,"score":0.3635999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84393581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642","display_name":"Blood pressure","level":2,"score":0.3443000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993527604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2372945","display_name":"Perceived exertion","level":4,"score":0.3239000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103038586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152037","display_name":"Aerobic exercise","level":2,"score":0.3122999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181588539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219067","display_name":"Physical exercise","level":2,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778310968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14536140","display_name":"Exertion","level":2,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018260909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1322871","display_name":"Exploratory analysis","level":2,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776294035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3480702","display_name":"Lactate threshold","level":5,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sports14100466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14100466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14100466","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210234981","display_name":"Sports","issn_l":"2075-4663","issn":["2075-4663"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sports","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13709359","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13709359/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13709359/pdf/sports-14-00466.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sports (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42931603","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42931603","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sports (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c46a794c43ec45c69cab6ceb3a345c32","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c46a794c43ec45c69cab6ceb3a345c32","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sports, Vol 14, Iss 10, p 466 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sports14100466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14100466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14100466","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210234981","display_name":"Sports","issn_l":"2075-4663","issn":["2075-4663"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9391000270843506,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"},{"display_name":"Meta-Analysis","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223013343.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7223013343.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":88,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1138841375","https://openalex.org/W1511302815","https://openalex.org/W1599995533","https://openalex.org/W1850821928","https://openalex.org/W1907283504","https://openalex.org/W1932131353","https://openalex.org/W1987891351","https://openalex.org/W1995300179","https://openalex.org/W2001107817","https://openalex.org/W2012172244","https://openalex.org/W2015155743","https://openalex.org/W2028426353","https://openalex.org/W2033585778","https://openalex.org/W2040617899","https://openalex.org/W2067440307","https://openalex.org/W2076029586","https://openalex.org/W2080782826","https://openalex.org/W2104675861","https://openalex.org/W2105325815","https://openalex.org/W2109222537","https://openalex.org/W2109713827","https://openalex.org/W2116380201","https://openalex.org/W2118517280","https://openalex.org/W2126930838","https://openalex.org/W2134926615","https://openalex.org/W2139168999","https://openalex.org/W2140653148","https://openalex.org/W2146776933","https://openalex.org/W2148020669","https://openalex.org/W2149363700","https://openalex.org/W2157823046","https://openalex.org/W2160011702","https://openalex.org/W2160857104","https://openalex.org/W2161297287","https://openalex.org/W2165901717","https://openalex.org/W2172712947","https://openalex.org/W2242920791","https://openalex.org/W2297770685","https://openalex.org/W2302212319","https://openalex.org/W2413805993","https://openalex.org/W2530998897","https://openalex.org/W2547391997","https://openalex.org/W2560149858","https://openalex.org/W2564639765","https://openalex.org/W2567362164","https://openalex.org/W2570682411","https://openalex.org/W2593211520","https://openalex.org/W2763931312","https://openalex.org/W2787531079","https://openalex.org/W2789552505","https://openalex.org/W2790568355","https://openalex.org/W2868025943","https://openalex.org/W2868437941","https://openalex.org/W2895688181","https://openalex.org/W2911304053","https://openalex.org/W2945795290","https://openalex.org/W2950779546","https://openalex.org/W2970684805","https://openalex.org/W3033506513","https://openalex.org/W3036093630","https://openalex.org/W3084042367","https://openalex.org/W3118596727","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3205902170","https://openalex.org/W4200349594","https://openalex.org/W4206651290","https://openalex.org/W4220909287","https://openalex.org/W4283274626","https://openalex.org/W4285094797","https://openalex.org/W4297918764","https://openalex.org/W4313259909","https://openalex.org/W4316039802","https://openalex.org/W4378574036","https://openalex.org/W4379055558","https://openalex.org/W4379802012","https://openalex.org/W4386599787","https://openalex.org/W4387036560","https://openalex.org/W4391719639","https://openalex.org/W4399895913","https://openalex.org/W4400243121","https://openalex.org/W4405702883","https://openalex.org/W4405967247","https://openalex.org/W4407755993","https://openalex.org/W4411133520","https://openalex.org/W4414131499","https://openalex.org/W7166546569","https://openalex.org/W7168256992","https://openalex.org/W7172283510"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2513401123","https://openalex.org/W3181601537","https://openalex.org/W2136787945","https://openalex.org/W4408473421","https://openalex.org/W3019177480","https://openalex.org/W2172251355","https://openalex.org/W3018818815","https://openalex.org/W4379055558","https://openalex.org/W7154187944","https://openalex.org/W2593813197"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background/Objectives:":[0],"Dietary":[1,179],"nitrate":[2,24,144,180],"supplementation":[3,25,181],"improves":[4],"exercise":[5,28,167],"performance":[6,29],"in":[7,13,116,149,189,206],"recreationally":[8],"active":[9],"individuals,":[10],"but":[11,130],"efficacy":[12],"athletes":[14,54,68,208],"remains":[15],"debated.":[16],"This":[17],"meta-analysis":[18],"evaluated":[19],"the":[20,100,131,199],"effects":[21,188,217],"of":[22,50,99,202,214,225],"dietary":[23],"on":[26],"six":[27,101],"and":[30,48,58,83,143,166,196,198],"physiological/perceptual":[31],"outcomes\u2014peak":[32],"power":[33,36],"(PP),":[34],"mean":[35],"(MP),":[37],"maximal":[38],"oxygen":[39],"uptake":[40],"(VO2max),":[41],"heart":[42],"rate":[43],"(HR),":[44],"blood":[45],"lactate":[46],"(LAC),":[47],"rating":[49],"perceived":[51],"exertion":[52],"(RPE)\u2014in":[53],"across":[55],"diverse":[56],"sports":[57],"protocols.":[59],"Methods:":[60],"Forty-five":[61],"randomized,":[62],"placebo-controlled":[63],"trials":[64],"involving":[65],"659":[66],"healthy":[67],"(Tier":[69],"2":[70],"or":[71],"higher)":[72],"were":[73,87],"included.":[74],"Random-effects":[75],"meta-analyses":[76],"calculated":[77],"pooled":[78,186],"Hedges\u2019":[79],"g.":[80],"Subgroup,":[81],"sensitivity,":[82],"publication":[84],"bias":[85],"analyses":[86,162],"conducted.":[88],"Results:":[89],"No":[90],"statistically":[91,184,215],"significant":[92,138,176,185,216],"overall":[93],"effect":[94,115],"was":[95,136],"found":[96],"for":[97],"any":[98],"outcomes":[102],"(all":[103],"p":[104,127],">":[105],"0.05).":[106],"In":[107],"exploratory":[108],"subgroup":[109],"analyses,":[110],"PP":[111],"showed":[112],"a":[113],"positive":[114],"male-only":[117],"studies":[118,135],"(g":[119],"=":[120,128,140],"0.29,":[121],"95%":[122],"CI":[123],"0.02":[124],"to":[125,159],"0.56,":[126],"0.04),":[129],"interaction":[132],"with":[133],"mixed-sex":[134],"not":[137,147,219],"(p":[139],"0.11).":[141],"Beetroot":[142],"salts":[145],"did":[146],"differ":[148],"VO2max.":[150],"And":[151],"trim-and-fill":[152],"imputed":[153],"five":[154],"studies,":[155],"reducing":[156],"this":[157],"estimate":[158],"zero.":[160],"Subgroup":[161],"by":[163],"sport":[164],"type":[165,168],"(endurance,":[169],"intermittent":[170],"team":[171],"sports,":[172],"strength/power)":[173],"revealed":[174],"no":[175,183,226],"differences.":[177],"Conclusions:":[178],"produced":[182],"ergogenic":[187],"athletes.":[190],"Any":[191],"potential":[192],"benefit":[193],"appears":[194],"small":[195],"context-dependent,":[197],"possible":[200],"role":[201],"vascular":[203],"endothelial":[204],"function":[205],"high-performance":[207],"warrants":[209],"further":[210],"investigation.":[211],"The":[212],"absence":[213],"should":[218],"be":[220],"regarded":[221],"as":[222],"definitive":[223],"evidence":[224],"effect.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-21T00:00:00"}