{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7222997655","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2026.1893875","title":"Development and validation of a machine learning-based model for predicting amputation risk in patients with lower extremity arterial disease and diabetes","display_name":"Development and validation of a machine learning-based model for predicting amputation risk in patients with lower extremity arterial disease and diabetes","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7222997655","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2026.1893875","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42978604","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13727486"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcvm.2026.1893875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2026.1893875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2026.1893875","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2026.1893875/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595413687","display_name":"Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine","issn_l":"2297-055X","issn":["2297-055X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2026.1893875/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027244110","display_name":"Lu Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6143-9314","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6143-9314"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017480383","display_name":"Southwest Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2rqs52","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159155825","display_name":"Liang Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Chengdu First People\u2019s Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chengdu First People\u2019s Hospital","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159128943","display_name":"Jing Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017480383","display_name":"Southwest Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2rqs52","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086248","display_name":"Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/0014a0n68","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086248"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Management Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Management Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086248"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115596088","display_name":"Xiaoyu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9164-5433","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9164-5433"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017480383","display_name":"Southwest Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2rqs52","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159119449","display_name":"Qin Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017480383","display_name":"Southwest Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2rqs52","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086248","display_name":"Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/0014a0n68","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086248"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086248"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107031612","display_name":"Pan Song","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017480383","display_name":"Southwest Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2rqs52","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pan Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111141446","display_name":"Xiaoyan Quan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5680-4169","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5680-4169"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017480383","display_name":"Southwest Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2rqs52","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyan Quan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068742805","display_name":"Qingran Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5935-9933","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5935-9933"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017480383","display_name":"Southwest Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2rqs52","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165203","display_name":"Dazhou Central Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05qz7n275","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingran Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Critical Care Medicine, Dazhou Central Hospital in Sichuan","School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Dazhou Central Hospital in Sichuan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165203"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159107930","display_name":"Gengliang Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017480383","display_name":"Southwest Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2rqs52","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gengliang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159115964","display_name":"Yang Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53411278","display_name":"Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00pcrz470","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53411278"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53411278"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048967885","display_name":"Chi Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4948-1338","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4948-1338"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093384","display_name":"Third People's Hospital of Chengdu","ror":"https://ror.org/00ebdgr24","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093384"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87780372","display_name":"Chongqing Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/017z00e58","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87780372"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Third People\u2019s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University & The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Third People\u2019s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University & The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu, Chongqing Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093384","https://openalex.org/I4800084","https://openalex.org/I87780372"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068038452","display_name":"Meihong Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4349-7163","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4349-7163"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017480383","display_name":"Southwest Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2rqs52","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Meihong Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068038452"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82803312,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"1893875","last_page":"1893875"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10926","display_name":"Peripheral Artery Disease Management","score":0.5756999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10926","display_name":"Peripheral Artery Disease Management","score":0.5756999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11227","display_name":"Diabetic Foot Ulcer Assessment and Management","score":0.4115999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.00570000009611249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amputation-risk-prediction","display_name":"amputation risk prediction","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lower-extremity-arterial-disease","display_name":"lower extremity arterial disease","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"diabetes mellitus","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-foot","display_name":"diabetic foot","score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competing-risks","display_name":"competing risks","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-interpretability","display_name":"model interpretability","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shap","display_name":"SHAP","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-calculator","display_name":"risk calculator","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-burden","display_name":"financial burden","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prealbumin","display_name":"prealbumin","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/c-reactive-protein","display_name":"C-reactive protein","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fibrinogen","display_name":"fibrinogen","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neutrophil-count","display_name":"neutrophil count","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/barthel-index","display_name":"Barthel Index","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rutherford-classification","display_name":"Rutherford classification","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wound-infection","display_name":"wound infection","score":0.3160000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-residence","display_name":"urban residence","score":0.4560000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-mass-index","display_name":"body mass index","score":0.625}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.820900022983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776204877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477415","display_name":"Amputation","level":2,"score":0.5918999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.5264000296592712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.45879998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.43309998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778261982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755136","display_name":"Partial thromboplastin time","level":3,"score":0.41830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910402577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477415","display_name":"Lower limb amputation","level":3,"score":0.3889000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11783203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5478027","display_name":"Framingham Risk Score","level":3,"score":0.3643999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.3345000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203092338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1340863","display_name":"Clinical endpoint","level":3,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.32749998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779159551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414874","display_name":"Comorbidity","level":2,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.32359999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.32120001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.30169999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37616216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3218363","display_name":"Lasso (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198433322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3910099","display_name":"Predictive value of tests","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.2856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.27880001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777858829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52856","display_name":"Diabetic foot","level":3,"score":0.27480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779466056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107630651","display_name":"Time point","level":2,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.26429998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018127138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389735","display_name":"Cardiovascular event","level":3,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104709138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671540","display_name":"Intraclass correlation","level":3,"score":0.2515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27181475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541014","display_name":"Cross-validation","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcvm.2026.1893875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2026.1893875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2026.1893875","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2026.1893875/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595413687","display_name":"Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine","issn_l":"2297-055X","issn":["2297-055X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42978604","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42978604","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13727486","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13727486/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Cardiovasc Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:46eae3212ffc4bc6856e6b33c729deda","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/46eae3212ffc4bc6856e6b33c729deda","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, Vol 13 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcvm.2026.1893875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2026.1893875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2026.1893875","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cardiovascular-medicine/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2026.1893875/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595413687","display_name":"Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine","issn_l":"2297-055X","issn":["2297-055X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7222997655.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7222997655.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W136329886","https://openalex.org/W1927652244","https://openalex.org/W1980027499","https://openalex.org/W2029008879","https://openalex.org/W2040155238","https://openalex.org/W2043226067","https://openalex.org/W2045660304","https://openalex.org/W2075061346","https://openalex.org/W2100049802","https://openalex.org/W2103372561","https://openalex.org/W2106229632","https://openalex.org/W2110101054","https://openalex.org/W2112715147","https://openalex.org/W2118797814","https://openalex.org/W2148580947","https://openalex.org/W2406453816","https://openalex.org/W2514380180","https://openalex.org/W2520432709","https://openalex.org/W2542719835","https://openalex.org/W2550310046","https://openalex.org/W2574708060","https://openalex.org/W2735605117","https://openalex.org/W2783202209","https://openalex.org/W2800573134","https://openalex.org/W2883017972","https://openalex.org/W2886299992","https://openalex.org/W2896474842","https://openalex.org/W2904010434","https://openalex.org/W2914185512","https://openalex.org/W2947691792","https://openalex.org/W2949138834","https://openalex.org/W2982326538","https://openalex.org/W2995216295","https://openalex.org/W3001774923","https://openalex.org/W3003770534","https://openalex.org/W3012413426","https://openalex.org/W3023348566","https://openalex.org/W3037958843","https://openalex.org/W3100332350","https://openalex.org/W3104094562","https://openalex.org/W3122512096","https://openalex.org/W3130050921","https://openalex.org/W3132390177","https://openalex.org/W3133964545","https://openalex.org/W3134584999","https://openalex.org/W3135014087","https://openalex.org/W3166972534","https://openalex.org/W3169874557","https://openalex.org/W3186724189","https://openalex.org/W3197039049","https://openalex.org/W3215325462","https://openalex.org/W4280556240","https://openalex.org/W4285005440","https://openalex.org/W4296124845","https://openalex.org/W4296809111","https://openalex.org/W4308366161","https://openalex.org/W4311577577","https://openalex.org/W4317436324","https://openalex.org/W4318761775","https://openalex.org/W4387348861","https://openalex.org/W4387378676","https://openalex.org/W4390005903","https://openalex.org/W4391360490","https://openalex.org/W4391640316","https://openalex.org/W4391672921","https://openalex.org/W4392800286","https://openalex.org/W4393058609","https://openalex.org/W4394575564","https://openalex.org/W4396769259","https://openalex.org/W4396886228","https://openalex.org/W4399557372","https://openalex.org/W4400698666","https://openalex.org/W4402121366","https://openalex.org/W4403980515","https://openalex.org/W4404313695","https://openalex.org/W4406676566","https://openalex.org/W4407596924","https://openalex.org/W4408805752","https://openalex.org/W4409012407","https://openalex.org/W4410568717"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4220863337","https://openalex.org/W7162122635","https://openalex.org/W3157654224","https://openalex.org/W4391360490","https://openalex.org/W2947691792","https://openalex.org/W7223002650","https://openalex.org/W4412412727","https://openalex.org/W4407596924","https://openalex.org/W3199891202","https://openalex.org/W4388465504"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Patients":[1],"with":[2,58,74,85,253],"lower":[3,238,262],"extremity":[4],"arterial":[5],"disease":[6],"(LEAD)":[7],"complicated":[8],"by":[9,126],"diabetes":[10,61,77],"face":[11],"substantial":[12],"amputation":[13,54,96,159,255,309],"risk.":[14,256,310],"Pre-amputation":[15],"death":[16],"acts":[17],"as":[18],"a":[19],"critical":[20],"competing":[21,141,304],"event":[22],"that":[23],"distorts":[24],"risk":[25,55,142,290,305],"estimation.":[26],"Validated":[27],"personalized":[28],"prediction":[29],"tools":[30],"for":[31,52,137,289,307],"this":[32],"population":[33],"remain":[34],"scarce":[35],"and":[36,46,60,76,114,124,128,175,189,230,246,267,280,295,302,321],"hinder":[37],"precise":[38],"clinical":[39,64,197,323],"interventions.":[40],"This":[41,67],"study":[42,70],"aimed":[43],"to":[44,62,101],"develop":[45],"validate":[47],"two":[48],"complementary":[49,297],"interpretable":[50,298],"models":[51,306],"12-month":[53,95,158,308],"in":[56,88],"patients":[57,73,320],"LEAD":[59,75],"support":[63],"decision-making.":[65],"Methods:":[66],"retrospective":[68],"multicenter":[69],"enrolled":[71],"1,919":[72],"from":[78],"four":[79],"Chinese":[80],"hospitals":[81],"(January":[82],"2018-September":[83],"2024),":[84],"follow-up":[86,164],"ending":[87],"September":[89],"2025.":[90],"The":[91,157,179,311],"primary":[92],"outcome":[93],"was":[94,135,145,161,165,170,287],"(major":[97],"or":[98],"minor).":[99],"Prior":[100],"model":[102,144,182],"construction,":[103],"candidate":[104],"predictors":[105,273],"were":[106,121,177,270],"screened":[107,150],"via":[108],"LASSO":[109],"regression,":[110],"random":[111],"forest":[112],"classifier":[113],"Boruta":[115],"algorithm.":[116],"Ten":[117],"machine":[118,300],"learning":[119,301],"algorithms":[120],"then":[122],"trained":[123],"evaluated":[125],"discrimination":[127],"calibration":[129],"metrics.":[130],"SHapley":[131],"Additive":[132],"Explanations":[133],"(SHAP)":[134],"applied":[136],"interpretability.":[138],"A":[139,283],"Fine-Gray":[140,281,303],"regression":[143],"built":[146],"using":[147],"the":[148],"same":[149],"predictor":[151],"set.":[152],"Results:":[153],"=":[154,187,193],"538)":[155],"cohorts.":[156],"rate":[160],"14.0%.":[162],"Median":[163],"12":[166],"months;":[167],"mean":[168],"age":[169],"72.7":[171],"\u00b1":[172],"9.5":[173],"years":[174],"65.7%":[176],"male.":[178],"optimal":[180],"GraBoost":[181,279,299],"achieved":[183],"internal":[184],"validation":[185,191],"AUC":[186,192],"0.860":[188],"external":[190],"0.828,":[194],"incorporating":[195],"14":[196],"predictors,":[198],"including:":[199],"Rutherford":[200,236],"classification,":[201,237,261],"financial":[202,263],"burden,":[203,264],"age,":[204,242],"Barthel":[205,239],"Index,":[206,240],"diabetic":[207,244],"foot,":[208,245],"statin,":[209],"fibrinogen":[210],"(FIB),":[211],"neutrophil":[212],"(NEUT),":[213],"residence,":[214,258],"prealbumin":[215],"(PALB),":[216],"C-reactive":[217],"protein":[218],"(CRP),":[219],"activated":[220],"partial":[221],"thromboplastin":[222],"time":[223],"(APTT),":[224],"body":[225],"mass":[226],"index":[227],"(BMI)":[228],"classification":[229],"wound.":[231],"SHAP":[232],"revealed":[233],"higher":[234,254,268],"grade":[235],"younger":[241],"wounds,":[243],"elevated":[247],"FIB,":[248],"APTT,":[249],"CRP,":[250],"NEUT":[251],"correlated":[252],"Urban":[257],"normal":[259],"BMI":[260],"statin":[265],"use":[266],"PALB":[269],"protective.":[271],"Shared":[272],"showed":[274],"consistent":[275],"directional":[276],"effects":[277],"across":[278],"models.":[282],"dual-model":[284,312],"web-based":[285],"calculator":[286,314],"constructed":[288],"assessment.":[291],"Conclusion:":[292],"We":[293],"developed":[294],"validated":[296],"web":[313],"may":[315],"help":[316],"clinicians":[317],"identify":[318],"high-risk":[319],"guide":[322],"management.":[324]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-10-21T00:00:00"}
