{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7222940959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1958275","title":"Paired TIR-NLRs of Arabidopsis thaliana have diverse recognition and activation mechanisms","display_name":"Paired TIR-NLRs of Arabidopsis thaliana have diverse recognition and activation mechanisms","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7222940959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1958275","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42973954","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13725568"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpls.2026.1958275","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1958275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1958275","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1958275/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2493613807","display_name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","issn_l":"1664-462X","issn":["1664-462X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1958275/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040940998","display_name":"Hayden Burdett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4803-9660","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4803-9660"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hayden Burdett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, Daniel Rutherford Building, Kings Buildings, University of Edinburgh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, Daniel Rutherford Building, Kings Buildings, University of Edinburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159073816","display_name":"Tana L. Holmes","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tana L. Holmes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, Daniel Rutherford Building, Kings Buildings, University of Edinburgh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, Daniel Rutherford Building, Kings Buildings, University of Edinburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101533557","display_name":"Heekyung Ahn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8884-0156","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8884-0156"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hee-Kyung Ahn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, Daniel Rutherford Building, Kings Buildings, University of Edinburgh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, Daniel Rutherford Building, Kings Buildings, University of Edinburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101533557"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47897382,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"1958275","last_page":"1958275"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10076","display_name":"Plant-Microbe Interactions and Immunity","score":0.9717000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10076","display_name":"Plant-Microbe Interactions and Immunity","score":0.9717000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10371","display_name":"Immune Response and Inflammation","score":0.020500000566244125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11578","display_name":"Plant Pathogenic Bacteria Studies","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich-repeat","display_name":"nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-innate-immunity","display_name":"plant innate immunity","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathogen-recognition","display_name":"pathogen recognition","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-resistance-engineering","display_name":"disease resistance engineering","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabidopsis-thaliana","display_name":"Arabidopsis thaliana","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brassicaceae","display_name":"Brassicaceae","score":0.9929999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779491563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157892","display_name":"Arabidopsis","level":4,"score":0.9164999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775943906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156888","display_name":"Brassicaceae","level":2,"score":0.784600019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.7468000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775988993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158695","display_name":"Arabidopsis thaliana","level":4,"score":0.7337999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.6929000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103474210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q142851","display_name":"Immune receptor","level":3,"score":0.536300003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910254177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4215946","display_name":"Plant Immunity","level":5,"score":0.5253000259399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111289621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418772","display_name":"Pattern recognition receptor","level":4,"score":0.5056999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4837000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.48069998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776460866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170065","display_name":"Pathogen","level":2,"score":0.4212999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.3953999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79879829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5571762","display_name":"Intracellular","level":2,"score":0.3693999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.35280001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62478195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828130","display_name":"Signal transduction","level":2,"score":0.3301999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020442560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4971815","display_name":"Broad spectrum","level":2,"score":0.303600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126831891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221673","display_name":"Host (biology)","level":2,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018252375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune recognition","level":3,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19317047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412037","display_name":"T-cell receptor","level":4,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpls.2026.1958275","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1958275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1958275","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1958275/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2493613807","display_name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","issn_l":"1664-462X","issn":["1664-462X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13725568","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13725568/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13725568/pdf/fpls-17-1958275.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Plant Sci","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42973954","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42973954","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in plant science","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:63235f3f13a44f68af96dc22610652f1","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/63235f3f13a44f68af96dc22610652f1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol 17 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpls.2026.1958275","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1958275","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1958275","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1958275/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2493613807","display_name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","issn_l":"1664-462X","issn":["1664-462X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","display_name":"Royal Society","ror":"https://ror.org/03wnrjx87"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7222940959.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7222940959.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":118,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488199232","https://openalex.org/W1562306981","https://openalex.org/W1645663982","https://openalex.org/W1963837218","https://openalex.org/W1974479199","https://openalex.org/W1981932072","https://openalex.org/W1999214874","https://openalex.org/W2003412276","https://openalex.org/W2008611226","https://openalex.org/W2009715791","https://openalex.org/W2010144673","https://openalex.org/W2011374365","https://openalex.org/W2025435489","https://openalex.org/W2028886234","https://openalex.org/W2031551184","https://openalex.org/W2035791386","https://openalex.org/W2039814762","https://openalex.org/W2040125965","https://openalex.org/W2073044944","https://openalex.org/W2082026887","https://openalex.org/W2087157154","https://openalex.org/W2095131353","https://openalex.org/W2095448333","https://openalex.org/W2097156532","https://openalex.org/W2110768663","https://openalex.org/W2113030015","https://openalex.org/W2118331714","https://openalex.org/W2118372805","https://openalex.org/W2131706958","https://openalex.org/W2135594259","https://openalex.org/W2136150719","https://openalex.org/W2140177375","https://openalex.org/W2147545314","https://openalex.org/W2171527563","https://openalex.org/W2279882219","https://openalex.org/W2286410612","https://openalex.org/W2529822210","https://openalex.org/W2584708022","https://openalex.org/W2600568133","https://openalex.org/W2607473129","https://openalex.org/W2611732598","https://openalex.org/W2731486950","https://openalex.org/W2736818212","https://openalex.org/W2755723321","https://openalex.org/W2765633603","https://openalex.org/W2793991964","https://openalex.org/W2885564518","https://openalex.org/W2892416353","https://openalex.org/W2896225739","https://openalex.org/W2903313402","https://openalex.org/W2906522235","https://openalex.org/W2914397585","https://openalex.org/W2953556177","https://openalex.org/W2969268623","https://openalex.org/W2969680514","https://openalex.org/W2969924257","https://openalex.org/W2973396428","https://openalex.org/W2980498147","https://openalex.org/W3005793791","https://openalex.org/W3008994741","https://openalex.org/W3009163707","https://openalex.org/W3011535982","https://openalex.org/W3023663630","https://openalex.org/W3024956527","https://openalex.org/W3037843245","https://openalex.org/W3093193664","https://openalex.org/W3100279598","https://openalex.org/W3106552706","https://openalex.org/W3106866272","https://openalex.org/W3121278237","https://openalex.org/W3146196870","https://openalex.org/W3153670863","https://openalex.org/W3163855438","https://openalex.org/W3202161152","https://openalex.org/W3207043935","https://openalex.org/W3210729941","https://openalex.org/W3213600698","https://openalex.org/W4225689494","https://openalex.org/W4281250312","https://openalex.org/W4283394644","https://openalex.org/W4284678419","https://openalex.org/W4284701778","https://openalex.org/W4294074096","https://openalex.org/W4304987456","https://openalex.org/W4306410264","https://openalex.org/W4310170168","https://openalex.org/W4315498739","https://openalex.org/W4322764113","https://openalex.org/W4323656741","https://openalex.org/W4366992567","https://openalex.org/W4367856825","https://openalex.org/W4376113730","https://openalex.org/W4386969596","https://openalex.org/W4391151849","https://openalex.org/W4391839228","https://openalex.org/W4391847858","https://openalex.org/W4391849381","https://openalex.org/W4395469472","https://openalex.org/W4396897819","https://openalex.org/W4401216147","https://openalex.org/W4402475494","https://openalex.org/W4404090967","https://openalex.org/W4404749426","https://openalex.org/W4407970563","https://openalex.org/W4408159153","https://openalex.org/W4409416836","https://openalex.org/W4409843327","https://openalex.org/W4410489677","https://openalex.org/W4413141488","https://openalex.org/W4414162118","https://openalex.org/W7126273995","https://openalex.org/W7128439760","https://openalex.org/W7153630099","https://openalex.org/W7153996791","https://openalex.org/W7160406900","https://openalex.org/W7163009944","https://openalex.org/W7164901941","https://openalex.org/W7170146395"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4283394644","https://openalex.org/W1999214874","https://openalex.org/W7126273995","https://openalex.org/W3104981659","https://openalex.org/W7215027688","https://openalex.org/W4366463468","https://openalex.org/W2904484143","https://openalex.org/W6950251097","https://openalex.org/W6943858928","https://openalex.org/W2399410002"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recognition":[0],"of":[1,20,27,81,88,104],"pathogens":[2,28],"by":[3],"immune":[4,9,22,50],"receptors":[5,23],"is":[6,65],"essential":[7],"for":[8,43,68,70],"response":[10],"activation":[11,51],"in":[12],"plants.":[13],"The":[14],"NLR":[15,63],"(Nucleotide-binding,":[16],"Leucine-rich":[17],"repeat)":[18],"family":[19],"intracellular":[21],"recognise":[24],"the":[25,46,55,58,61,82],"presence":[26],"from":[29],"within":[30],"host":[31],"plant":[32],"cells.":[33],"Some":[34],"NLRs":[35,91],"are":[36],"exclusively":[37],"'paired,'":[38],"and":[39,49,57,86,109],"require":[40],"each":[41],"other":[42],"function.":[44],"With":[45],"pathogen":[47],"sensing":[48],"function":[52],"separated":[53],"between":[54],"'sensor'":[56],"'executor'":[59],"NLR,":[60],"paired":[62,90,105],"system":[64],"promising":[66],"target":[67],"engineering":[69],"broad":[71],"spectrum":[72],"disease":[73],"resistance.":[74],"Here,":[75],"we":[76],"review":[77],"our":[78],"current":[79],"understanding":[80],"diversity,":[83],"molecular":[84],"mechanism,":[85],"evolution":[87],"Arabidopsis":[89,108],"with":[92,102],"N-terminal":[93],"TIR":[94],"(Toll,":[95],"Interleukin-1":[96],"receptor)":[97],"domains":[98],"(TIR-NLRs).":[99],"We":[100],"conclude":[101],"examples":[103],"TIR-NLRs":[106],"beyond":[107],"Brassicaceae":[110],"species.":[111]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-10-20T00:00:00"}