{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7222935263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27209269","title":"Precision Pharmacotherapy for Childhood Obesity: Molecular Targets Beyond Single GLP-1 Receptor Agonism and a Framework for Disease Modification","display_name":"Precision Pharmacotherapy for Childhood Obesity: Molecular Targets Beyond Single GLP-1 Receptor Agonism and a Framework for Disease Modification","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7222935263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27209269","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42942039","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13705234"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijms27209269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27209269","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27209269","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10623703","display_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","issn_l":"1422-0067","issn":["1422-0067","1661-6596"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","medline","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27209269","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056633071","display_name":"Hajar Dauleh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9443-7306","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9443-7306"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130525","display_name":"Sidra Medical and Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03acdk243","country_code":"QA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130525"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hajar Dauleh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha PO BOX 26999, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha PO BOX 26999, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130525"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000322092","display_name":"Khalid Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5480-7112","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5480-7112","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3714-8696"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130525","display_name":"Sidra Medical and Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03acdk243","country_code":"QA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130525"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Khalid Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha PO BOX 26999, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5480-7112","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha PO BOX 26999, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130525"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000322092"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130525"],"apc_list":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"apc_paid":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56426667,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"20","first_page":"9269","last_page":"9269"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12539","display_name":"Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment","score":0.9096999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12539","display_name":"Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment","score":0.9096999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10489","display_name":"Regulation of Appetite and Obesity","score":0.05620000138878822,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2807","display_name":"Endocrine and Autonomic Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10569","display_name":"Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes","score":0.009800000116229057,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/childhood-obesity","display_name":"childhood obesity","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-pharmacotherapy","display_name":"precision pharmacotherapy","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glp-1-receptor-agonists","display_name":"GLP-1 receptor agonists","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glucose-dependent-insulinotropic-polypeptide","display_name":"glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amylin","display_name":"amylin","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fgf21-analogues","display_name":"FGF21 analogues","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leptin-replacement","display_name":"leptin replacement","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monogenic-obesity","display_name":"monogenic obesity","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syndromic-obesity","display_name":"syndromic obesity","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypothalamic-obesity","display_name":"hypothalamic obesity","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-resistance","display_name":"insulin resistance","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-modification","display_name":"disease modification","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/childhood-obesity-treatment","display_name":"pediatric obesity treatment","score":0.38600000739097595}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500440147","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q701216","display_name":"Pharmacotherapy","level":2,"score":0.5975000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.5256999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780613262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223739","display_name":"Leptin","level":3,"score":0.5044999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780705028","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424643","display_name":"Amylin","level":4,"score":0.4993000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.47360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511355011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12174","display_name":"Obesity","level":2,"score":0.3935000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.3824999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163763905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17075943","display_name":"Precision medicine","level":2,"score":0.37209999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14372207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7072306","display_name":"Leptin receptor","level":4,"score":0.3495999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.3456000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780941825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1538213","display_name":"Lipodystrophy","level":5,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.32409998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.31369999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779306644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002370","display_name":"Insulin","level":2,"score":0.30320000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779422640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241451","display_name":"Childhood obesity","level":4,"score":0.2964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150966472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3410145","display_name":"Psychosocial","level":2,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64903051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2198549","display_name":"Drug development","level":3,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127716648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104053","display_name":"Phenotype","level":3,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171089720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193583","display_name":"Adipose tissue","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000067757","descriptor_name":"Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000097789","descriptor_name":"Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044105","descriptor_name":"Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057285","descriptor_name":"Precision Medicine","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D058990","descriptor_name":"Molecular Targeted Therapy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D063766","descriptor_name":"Pediatric Obesity","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D063766","descriptor_name":"Pediatric Obesity","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijms27209269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27209269","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27209269","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10623703","display_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","issn_l":"1422-0067","issn":["1422-0067","1661-6596"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","medline","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42942039","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42942039","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of molecular sciences","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13705234","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13705234/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Int J Mol Sci","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijms27209269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27209269","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27209269","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10623703","display_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","issn_l":"1422-0067","issn":["1422-0067","1661-6596"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","medline","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974256272","https://openalex.org/W2167222546","https://openalex.org/W2169288473","https://openalex.org/W2319361543","https://openalex.org/W2461826020","https://openalex.org/W2586996634","https://openalex.org/W2607431550","https://openalex.org/W2611388722","https://openalex.org/W2794768531","https://openalex.org/W2936480486","https://openalex.org/W2946847194","https://openalex.org/W2971741136","https://openalex.org/W2978840913","https://openalex.org/W3013213902","https://openalex.org/W3095455148","https://openalex.org/W3126038827","https://openalex.org/W3138184614","https://openalex.org/W3138431202","https://openalex.org/W3160340391","https://openalex.org/W3202781181","https://openalex.org/W3211623221","https://openalex.org/W4224218205","https://openalex.org/W4225146163","https://openalex.org/W4281934192","https://openalex.org/W4308053954","https://openalex.org/W4308426407","https://openalex.org/W4311182072","https://openalex.org/W4313857807","https://openalex.org/W4362705942","https://openalex.org/W4376866952","https://openalex.org/W4378172756","https://openalex.org/W4379094136","https://openalex.org/W4381884589","https://openalex.org/W4381885413","https://openalex.org/W4382049661","https://openalex.org/W4387310990","https://openalex.org/W4388592674","https://openalex.org/W4389555309","https://openalex.org/W4390904386","https://openalex.org/W4391544195","https://openalex.org/W4391576923","https://openalex.org/W4396634060","https://openalex.org/W4399500327","https://openalex.org/W4400115522","https://openalex.org/W4401338035","https://openalex.org/W4402398738","https://openalex.org/W4402754685","https://openalex.org/W4404311903","https://openalex.org/W4404444633","https://openalex.org/W4409916490","https://openalex.org/W4410277932","https://openalex.org/W4411522078","https://openalex.org/W4411522182","https://openalex.org/W4412360533","https://openalex.org/W7131128238","https://openalex.org/W7165545977","https://openalex.org/W7167674005","https://openalex.org/W7203775270"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7133567758","https://openalex.org/W2258155881","https://openalex.org/W4401774946","https://openalex.org/W7164014759","https://openalex.org/W3093672893","https://openalex.org/W7125008867","https://openalex.org/W7213259142","https://openalex.org/W4407012045","https://openalex.org/W7134078453","https://openalex.org/W7110513986"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Childhood":[0],"obesity":[1,115,122,198],"is":[2],"a":[3,51],"heterogeneous":[4,33],"chronic":[5],"disease":[6],"shaped":[7],"by":[8],"genetic":[9,147],"susceptibility,":[10],"neuroendocrine":[11],"signaling,":[12],"energy":[13],"homeostasis,":[14],"adipose":[15],"dysfunction,":[16],"insulin":[17,141],"resistance,":[18,142],"and":[19,42,62,79,94,106,113,116,151,163,168,176,188],"environmental":[20],"exposure.":[21],"Glucagon-like":[22],"peptide-1":[23],"(GLP-1)":[24],"receptor":[25,71,96],"agonists":[26],"have":[27],"markedly":[28],"improved":[29],"treatment":[30,110,118,134,149],"efficacy,":[31],"but":[32],"response,":[34],"weight":[35],"recurrence":[36],"after":[37],"withdrawal,":[38],"residual":[39],"organ":[40],"risk,":[41],"limited":[43],"long-term":[44],"pediatric":[45,101,197],"data":[46],"expose":[47],"the":[48,59,124,193],"limitations":[49],"of":[50,127,181,196],"single-pathway,":[52],"weight-centered":[53],"model.":[54],"This":[55],"narrative":[56],"review":[57],"integrates":[58],"molecular":[60],"rationale":[61],"clinical":[63,194],"evidence":[64,102],"for":[65,111,119],"precision":[66],"pharmacotherapy":[67],"beyond":[68],"single":[69],"GLP-1":[70],"agonism.":[72],"It":[73],"examines":[74],"glucose-dependent":[75],"insulinotropic":[76],"polypeptide":[77],"(GIP)/GLP-1":[78],"GLP-1/glucagon":[80],"co-agonism,":[81],"triple":[82],"agonism,":[83,98],"amylin":[84],"combinations,":[85],"fibroblast":[86],"growth":[87],"factor":[88],"21":[89],"(FGF21)":[90],"analogues,":[91],"leptin":[92],"replacement,":[93],"melanocortin-4":[95],"(MC4R)":[97],"separating":[99],"established":[100],"from":[103],"adult":[104],"proof-of-concept":[105],"preclinical":[107],"inference.":[108],"Genotype-directed":[109],"monogenic":[112],"syndromic":[114],"lesion-directed":[117],"acquired":[120],"hypothalamic":[121],"provide":[123],"clearest":[125],"examples":[126],"causal":[128],"pathway":[129],"correction.":[130],"For":[131],"common":[132],"obesity,":[133],"selection":[135],"should":[136,156],"integrate":[137],"developmental":[138],"stage,":[139],"hyperphagia,":[140],"ectopic":[143],"fat,":[144],"body":[145],"composition,":[146],"context,":[148],"burden,":[150],"early":[152],"response.":[153],"Disease":[154],"modification":[155],"be":[157],"evaluated":[158],"across":[159],"growth,":[160],"puberty,":[161],"bone":[162],"lean":[164],"tissue,":[165],"beta":[166],"cell":[167],"hepatic":[169],"health,":[170],"physical":[171],"function,":[172],"psychosocial":[173],"well-being,":[174],"safety,":[175],"durability.":[177],"A":[178],"dynamic":[179],"cycle":[180],"phenotyping,":[182],"mechanism-based":[183],"treatment,":[184],"multidomain":[185],"monitoring,":[186],"adaptation,":[187],"longitudinal":[189],"re-phenotyping":[190],"may":[191],"improve":[192],"relevance":[195],"care.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-20T00:00:00"}