{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7222935209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.22701","title":"Emergent Discrimination and Polarization in Multi-Agent Systems","display_name":"Emergent Discrimination and Polarization in Multi-Agent Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7222935209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.22701"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.22701","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.22701","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.22701","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.22701","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045442193","display_name":"Nestor Caticha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7446-6765","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7446-6765"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caticha, Nestor","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099585622","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Henrique de Sant' Ana","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sant'Ana, Jo\u00e3o Henrique","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de F\u00edsica , Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brasil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de F\u00edsica , Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brasil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074570452","display_name":"Felippe Alves","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7310-3252","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7310-3252"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alves, Felippe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Matem\u00e1tica , Estat\u00edstica e Computac \u00b8\u00e3o , Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brasil","TELUS Digital Research Hub , CIAAM , Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brasil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Matem\u00e1tica , Estat\u00edstica e Computac \u00b8\u00e3o , Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brasil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"TELUS Digital Research Hub , CIAAM , Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brasil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006002514","display_name":"Davi Bastos Costa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7553-4080","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7553-4080"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Costa, Davi Bastos","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159036077","display_name":"Mariana Mercucci","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mercucci, Mariana","raw_affiliation_strings":["TELUS Digital Research Hub , CIAAM , Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brasil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TELUS Digital Research Hub , CIAAM , Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brasil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159054614","display_name":"Juan P. Neirotti","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neirotti, Juan P.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de F\u00edsica , Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brasil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de F\u00edsica , Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brasil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159093073","display_name":"Otavio Citton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Citton, Otavio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bernoulli Institute , University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bernoulli Institute , University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013311721","display_name":"Renato Vicente","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0671-9895","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0671-9895"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vicente, Renato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Matem\u00e1tica , Estat\u00edstica e Computac \u00b8\u00e3o , Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brasil","TELUS Digital Research Hub , CIAAM , Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brasil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Matem\u00e1tica , Estat\u00edstica e Computac \u00b8\u00e3o , Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brasil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"TELUS Digital Research Hub , CIAAM , Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brasil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12592","display_name":"Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12592","display_name":"Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opinion-polarization","display_name":"opinion polarization","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrimination","display_name":"discrimination","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-systems","display_name":"multi-agent systems","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trust-evaluation","display_name":"trust evaluation","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-student-learning","display_name":"teacher-student learning","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noisy-channels","display_name":"noisy channels","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-context-learning","display_name":"in-context learning","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group-bias","display_name":"group bias","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spin-glass-phase","display_name":"spin glass phase","score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collective-states","display_name":"collective states","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-diagram","display_name":"phase diagram","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order-parameter","display_name":"order parameter","score":0.6340000033378601}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.6373999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.5763000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.5306000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5112000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4246000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.42179998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20701700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q388791","display_name":"Group decision-making","level":2,"score":0.4056999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.40230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.39719998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160234255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812535","display_name":"Bayesian inference","level":3,"score":0.3797999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84839998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249245","display_name":"Decision rule","level":2,"score":0.33559998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198104137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974688","display_name":"Communication source","level":2,"score":0.32510000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.32109999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780704645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9251458","display_name":"Observer (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3309909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864155","display_name":"Binary decision diagram","level":2,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150325174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4335500","display_name":"Optimal decision","level":3,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28901747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177571","display_name":"Decision theory","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.22701","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.22701","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.22701","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2610.22701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.22701","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.22701","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.22701","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.22701","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.22701","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.47620001435279846,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/02ddkpn78"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323339","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7222935209.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7222935209.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2010411707","https://openalex.org/W2088522405","https://openalex.org/W3194176324","https://openalex.org/W4390833079","https://openalex.org/W4405627013","https://openalex.org/W4407806359","https://openalex.org/W4415331733","https://openalex.org/W4416037117","https://openalex.org/W6966508244","https://openalex.org/W7161110339","https://openalex.org/W7162683630","https://openalex.org/W7172445963","https://openalex.org/W7203684476"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4406272922","https://openalex.org/W2026550758","https://openalex.org/W7120686895","https://openalex.org/W4413238529","https://openalex.org/W7203684476","https://openalex.org/W7160910782","https://openalex.org/W7141417890","https://openalex.org/W7165676665","https://openalex.org/W4379058197","https://openalex.org/W1987118706"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,87,138],"study":[1],"theoretically":[2],"how":[3,41,206],"discrimination":[4,181,186],"and":[5,35,57,84,101,133,153,185,198,218],"polarization":[6,217],"can":[7,211],"emerge":[8],"in":[9,167,241],"a":[10,25,32,70,107,121,124,136,163],"population":[11],"of":[12,28,40,93,110,200,216,227],"learning":[13,68,209],"agents.":[14],"Each":[15],"agent":[16,91],"uses":[17],"an":[18,29,37,61],"adaptive":[19],"linear":[20],"decision":[21,55],"layer":[22],"to":[23,31,112,145,150],"map":[24],"language-model":[26],"embedding":[27],"issue":[30],"binary":[33],"opinion":[34,83,183,188],"maintains":[36],"evolving":[38],"estimate":[39],"much":[42],"it":[43],"trusts":[44],"every":[45],"other":[46],"agent.":[47],"Through":[48],"pairwise":[49],"interactions,":[50],"agents":[51,111],"update":[52],"both":[53,195],"their":[54],"weights":[56],"trust":[58,85],"estimates":[59],"using":[60],"online":[62],"Bayesian":[63],"rule":[64],"derived":[65],"from":[66,142,156],"teacher-student":[67],"over":[69],"noisy":[71],"channel.":[72],"In-context-learning":[73],"experiments":[74],"with":[75,117,182],"large":[76],"language":[77],"models":[78],"qualitatively":[79,213],"reproduce":[80],"the":[81,131,168,196,201,221],"predicted":[82],"updates.":[86],"then":[88],"assign":[89],"each":[90,118],"one":[92],"two":[94],"arbitrary":[95],"group":[96,103],"labels,":[97],"A":[98],"or":[99],"B,":[100],"model":[102],"bias":[104,125],"by":[105,120],"allowing":[106],"fraction":[108],"$f_b$":[109],"shift":[113],"its":[114],"perceived":[115],"agreement":[116],"message":[119],"strength":[122,197],"$b$,":[123],"steering":[126],"prejudice,":[127],"depending":[128],"on":[129,194],"whether":[130],"sender":[132],"receiver":[134],"share":[135],"label.":[137],"use":[139],"order":[140,234],"parameters":[141,235],"statistical":[143],"mechanics":[144],"connect":[146],"these":[147],"local":[148,208],"dynamics":[149,210],"collective":[151,173,239],"states":[152,240],"transitions.":[154],"Starting":[155],"uniformly":[157],"random":[158],"initial":[159],"conditions,":[160],"simulations":[161],"reveal":[162],"rich":[164],"phase":[165],"diagram":[166],"$(b,f_b)$":[169],"plane,":[170],"comprising":[171],"four":[172],"states:":[174],"spin-glass":[175],"frustrated":[176],"out-group":[177],"favoritism,":[178],"nondiscriminatory":[179],"polarization,":[180],"alignment,":[184],"without":[187],"alignment.":[189],"Which":[190],"state":[191],"emerges":[192],"depends":[193],"prevalence":[199],"bias.":[202],"These":[203],"results":[204],"show":[205],"simple":[207],"generate":[212],"distinct":[214],"forms":[215],"discrimination,":[219],"underscoring":[220],"need":[222],"for":[223,236],"population-level":[224],"safety":[225],"analysis":[226],"multi-agent":[228],"systems.":[229],"They":[230],"also":[231],"suggest":[232],"measurable":[233],"characterizing":[237],"analogous":[238],"human":[242],"societies.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-10-20T00:00:00"}