{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7222932739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2026.1935318","title":"Adverse effects of FDA-approved RNA therapeutics: a cross-platform analysis of RNA design, delivery systems, and safety profiles","display_name":"Adverse effects of FDA-approved RNA therapeutics: a cross-platform analysis of RNA design, delivery systems, and safety profiles","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7222932739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2026.1935318","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42974066","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13725089"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1935318","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2026.1935318","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2026.1935318","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2026.1935318/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132108250","display_name":"Frontiers in Pharmacology","issn_l":"1663-9812","issn":["1663-9812"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Pharmacology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2026.1935318/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066681754","display_name":"Vassiliki Stamatopoulou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4900-5796","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4900-5796"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vassiliki Stamatopoulou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras","Postgraduate Program in Health Education, University of Patras"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Postgraduate Program in Health Education, University of Patras","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050042998","display_name":"Adamantia Kouvela","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1042-2349","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1042-2349"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adamantia Kouvela","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159083190","display_name":"Konstantina Ahtypi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantina Ahtypi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Postgraduate Program in Health Education, University of Patras"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Postgraduate Program in Health Education, University of Patras","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043641338","display_name":"Eirini Douka","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eirini Douka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Postgraduate Program in Health Education, University of Patras"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Postgraduate Program in Health Education, University of Patras","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159050562","display_name":"Christina Kominatou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christina Kominatou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Postgraduate Program in Health Education, University of Patras"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Postgraduate Program in Health Education, University of Patras","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159039287","display_name":"Artemis Meimaroglou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Artemis Meimaroglou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Postgraduate Program in Health Education, University of Patras"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Postgraduate Program in Health Education, University of Patras","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159071488","display_name":"Konstantina Spyropoulou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantina Spyropoulou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Postgraduate Program in Health Education, University of Patras"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Postgraduate Program in Health Education, University of Patras","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159081153","display_name":"Sofia Taxari","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sofia Taxari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Postgraduate Program in Health Education, University of Patras"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Postgraduate Program in Health Education, University of Patras","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159089894","display_name":"Sotiria Theodoridou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sotiria Theodoridou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Postgraduate Program in Health Education, University of Patras"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Postgraduate Program in Health Education, University of Patras","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044244513","display_name":"Panagiotis Plotas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5514-7083","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5514-7083"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174878644","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Panagiotis Plotas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Primary Health Care, School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras","Postgraduate Program in Health Education, University of Patras"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Primary Health Care, School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Postgraduate Program in Health Education, University of Patras","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044244513","https://openalex.org/A5066681754"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174878644"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47088023,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"1935318","last_page":"1935318"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10725","display_name":"RNA Interference and Gene Delivery","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10725","display_name":"RNA Interference and Gene Delivery","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11943","display_name":"Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3005","display_name":"Toxicology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12610","display_name":"RNA regulation and disease","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rna-therapeutics","display_name":"RNA therapeutics","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adverse-effects","display_name":"adverse effects","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-safety","display_name":"drug safety","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antisense-oligonucleotides","display_name":"antisense oligonucleotides","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sirna","display_name":"siRNA","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mrna-therapeutics","display_name":"mRNA therapeutics","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rna-delivery-systems","display_name":"RNA delivery systems","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rna-modification","display_name":"RNA modification","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innate-immune-activation","display_name":"innate immune activation","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/off-target-effects","display_name":"off-target effects","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organ-specific-toxicity","display_name":"organ-specific toxicity","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacovigilance","display_name":"pharmacovigilance","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fda-approved-drugs","display_name":"FDA-approved drugs","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-term-safety","display_name":"long-term safety","score":0.6340000033378601}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67705224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11053","display_name":"RNA","level":3,"score":0.7279000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197934379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938","display_name":"Adverse effect","level":2,"score":0.6693000197410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22615655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203221","display_name":"Small interfering RNA","level":4,"score":0.6043000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.597599983215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.4828000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166703698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201993","display_name":"RNA interference","level":4,"score":0.4799000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.4442000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.44040000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129312508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133686","display_name":"Oligonucleotide","level":3,"score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57658597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550789","display_name":"Pharmacovigilance","level":3,"score":0.4350999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.42980000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.40230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.3707999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2191507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7277185","display_name":"RNA silencing","level":5,"score":0.3357999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190232843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1950808","display_name":"Small hairpin RNA","level":4,"score":0.3357999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145059251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310899","display_name":"microRNA","level":3,"score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150194340","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26972","display_name":"Gene expression","level":3,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63363279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5133848","display_name":"Clinical significance","level":2,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910206359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18559532","display_name":"Adverse Outcome Pathway","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21786251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14886350","display_name":"RNA editing","level":4,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776190711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7398663","display_name":"Safety pharmacology","level":3,"score":0.2605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194993378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q427087","display_name":"Non-coding RNA","level":4,"score":0.25929999351501465}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1935318","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2026.1935318","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2026.1935318","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2026.1935318/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132108250","display_name":"Frontiers in Pharmacology","issn_l":"1663-9812","issn":["1663-9812"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Pharmacology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13725089","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13725089/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13725089/pdf/fphar-17-1935318.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Pharmacol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42974066","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42974066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in pharmacology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:343e1d53a1794ab5a564f8d6d72a4a19","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/343e1d53a1794ab5a564f8d6d72a4a19","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol 17 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1935318","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2026.1935318","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2026.1935318","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2026.1935318/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132108250","display_name":"Frontiers in Pharmacology","issn_l":"1663-9812","issn":["1663-9812"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Pharmacology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310968","display_name":"University of Patras","ror":"https://ror.org/017wvtq80"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7222932739.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7222932739.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":113,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1533447420","https://openalex.org/W1995770815","https://openalex.org/W2025980739","https://openalex.org/W2058647478","https://openalex.org/W2120820989","https://openalex.org/W2300951885","https://openalex.org/W2336977304","https://openalex.org/W2782708334","https://openalex.org/W2809989268","https://openalex.org/W2810909862","https://openalex.org/W2883816828","https://openalex.org/W2901670341","https://openalex.org/W2954082563","https://openalex.org/W2968060972","https://openalex.org/W2977837642","https://openalex.org/W2983833521","https://openalex.org/W3000595341","https://openalex.org/W3004539389","https://openalex.org/W3006387795","https://openalex.org/W3030480398","https://openalex.org/W3048788919","https://openalex.org/W3112046530","https://openalex.org/W3120348023","https://openalex.org/W3121560287","https://openalex.org/W3123749546","https://openalex.org/W3128509290","https://openalex.org/W3134963806","https://openalex.org/W3165627834","https://openalex.org/W3166174049","https://openalex.org/W3177233384","https://openalex.org/W3188940990","https://openalex.org/W3199784607","https://openalex.org/W3205342040","https://openalex.org/W3207837666","https://openalex.org/W3213032771","https://openalex.org/W4206903817","https://openalex.org/W4214596965","https://openalex.org/W4214717665","https://openalex.org/W4281254240","https://openalex.org/W4281611840","https://openalex.org/W4282964159","https://openalex.org/W4286721853","https://openalex.org/W4288967532","https://openalex.org/W4289223991","https://openalex.org/W4289711327","https://openalex.org/W4290999290","https://openalex.org/W4291144182","https://openalex.org/W4292559741","https://openalex.org/W4292702960","https://openalex.org/W4296698991","https://openalex.org/W4297141761","https://openalex.org/W4313554841","https://openalex.org/W4315433891","https://openalex.org/W4317743416","https://openalex.org/W4360602378","https://openalex.org/W4362472971","https://openalex.org/W4377108233","https://openalex.org/W4385827681","https://openalex.org/W4386947676","https://openalex.org/W4387115393","https://openalex.org/W4387607997","https://openalex.org/W4387728648","https://openalex.org/W4389409349","https://openalex.org/W4389444887","https://openalex.org/W4391103577","https://openalex.org/W4391504678","https://openalex.org/W4392301536","https://openalex.org/W4392594886","https://openalex.org/W4392888482","https://openalex.org/W4396857207","https://openalex.org/W4399760955","https://openalex.org/W4400301026","https://openalex.org/W4400369361","https://openalex.org/W4400869181","https://openalex.org/W4401536268","https://openalex.org/W4402141024","https://openalex.org/W4402922587","https://openalex.org/W4403214068","https://openalex.org/W4404080688","https://openalex.org/W4404355449","https://openalex.org/W4404473879","https://openalex.org/W4404748587","https://openalex.org/W4405108596","https://openalex.org/W4405180878","https://openalex.org/W4405905287","https://openalex.org/W4406227319","https://openalex.org/W4406887879","https://openalex.org/W4407828355","https://openalex.org/W4408005867","https://openalex.org/W4408070301","https://openalex.org/W4408458191","https://openalex.org/W4409271389","https://openalex.org/W4411025928","https://openalex.org/W4411977529","https://openalex.org/W4412076293","https://openalex.org/W4412163297","https://openalex.org/W4414748730","https://openalex.org/W4414915249","https://openalex.org/W4415504733","https://openalex.org/W4415532659","https://openalex.org/W4416168922","https://openalex.org/W7124677472","https://openalex.org/W7127445370","https://openalex.org/W7128389260","https://openalex.org/W7130394098","https://openalex.org/W7131848455","https://openalex.org/W7135209874","https://openalex.org/W7160963233","https://openalex.org/W7162072796","https://openalex.org/W7163568103","https://openalex.org/W7164143681","https://openalex.org/W7165485637","https://openalex.org/W7165657062"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4417317648","https://openalex.org/W4406324230","https://openalex.org/W4408021535","https://openalex.org/W4396858043","https://openalex.org/W7171307143","https://openalex.org/W4379381540","https://openalex.org/W2583555090","https://openalex.org/W7161476559","https://openalex.org/W4401346561","https://openalex.org/W6931598998"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"RNA":[0,76,85,89,123,163,242],"therapeutics":[1],"have":[2,39],"emerged":[3],"as":[4,248,250],"a":[5,12,95,186],"promising":[6],"and":[7,19,45,60,87,91,116,129,140,150,165,179,198,204,209,229,245],"effective":[8],"tool":[9],"to":[10,47,93,107,122,219],"treat":[11],"wide":[13],"range":[14],"of":[15,62,98,114,174,241],"genetic,":[16],"metabolic,":[17],"infectious,":[18],"neurodegenerative":[20],"diseases":[21],"by":[22,42],"directly":[23],"modulating":[24],"the":[25,43,52,73,236],"gene":[26],"expression":[27],"or":[28],"directing":[29],"transient":[30],"protein":[31],"production.":[32],"Currently,":[33],"more":[34],"than":[35],"20":[36],"RNA-based":[37],"drugs":[38],"been":[40],"approved":[41],"FDA,":[44],"due":[46],"their":[48,99],"recent":[49],"introduction":[50],"into":[51],"clinical":[53,180],"practice,":[54],"long-term":[55,225],"safety":[56,128,155],"data":[57],"remain":[58],"limited":[59],"comparisons":[61],"adverse":[63,100,215,231],"effects":[64,216,232],"across":[65],"platforms":[66],"are":[67,157,217],"lacking.":[68],"This":[69],"review":[70],"focuses":[71],"on":[72],"three":[74],"major":[75],"therapeutic":[77],"platforms,":[78],"including":[79,168],"antisense":[80],"oligonucleotides":[81],"(ASOs),":[82],"small":[83],"interfering":[84],"(siRNA)":[86],"messenger":[88],"(mRNA)":[90],"intends":[92],"provide":[94],"cross-platform":[96],"analysis":[97],"effects.":[101],"We":[102],"searched":[103],"studies":[104],"published":[105],"up":[106],"June":[108],"2026":[109],"in":[110,202],"PubMed,":[111],"Scopus,":[112],"Web":[113],"Science,":[115],"Google":[117],"Scholar":[118],"using":[119],"terms":[120],"related":[121],"therapeutics,":[124],"individual":[125],"drug":[126,243],"names,":[127],"toxicity":[130],"outcomes.":[131],"Clinical":[132],"trials,":[133],"extension":[134],"studies,":[135],"pharmacovigilance":[136],"reports,":[137],"regulatory":[138],"documents,":[139],"prescribing":[141],"information":[142],"were":[143],"considered":[144],"for":[145,238],"each":[146],"FDA-approved":[147],"ASO,":[148,207],"siRNA":[149],"mRNA":[151,210],"agent.":[152],"The":[153],"observed":[154],"profiles":[156],"associated":[158],"with":[159],"an":[160],"interaction":[161],"between":[162],"modality":[164],"additional":[166],"determinants,":[167],"chemical":[169],"modification,":[170],"delivery":[171,246],"system,":[172],"route":[173],"administration,":[175],"biodistribution,":[176],"target":[177],"tissue,":[178],"context.":[181],"Innate":[182],"immune":[183],"activation":[184],"represents":[185],"potential":[187],"shared":[188],"mechanism,":[189],"whereas":[190],"sequence-dependent":[191],"off-target":[192],"effects,":[193],"delivery-associated":[194],"reactions,":[195],"administration-related":[196],"complications,":[197],"organ-specific":[199],"toxicities":[200],"differ":[201],"relevance":[203],"mechanism":[205],"among":[206],"siRNA,":[208],"therapeutics.":[211],"Although":[212],"most":[213],"reported":[214],"mild":[218],"moderate,":[220],"important":[221],"research":[222],"gaps":[223],"regarding":[224],"safety,":[226],"pediatric":[227],"use":[228],"rare":[230],"still":[233],"exist,":[234],"underscoring":[235],"need":[237],"further":[239],"optimization":[240],"design":[244],"technologies,":[247],"well":[249],"continued":[251],"pharmacovigilance.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-10-20T00:00:00"}
