{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7222852925","doi":null,"title":"Large Language Model Agents for Personalized Education: Adaptive Tutoring and Reinforcement Learning-Based Learning Path Optimization","display_name":"Large Language Model Agents for Personalized Education: Adaptive Tutoring and Reinforcement Learning-Based Learning Path Optimization","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7222852925"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.www.jaair.org:article/288","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.jaair.org/index.php/index/article/view/288","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407075832","display_name":"Journal of Advanced Artificial Intelligence Research","issn_l":"3135-8748","issn":["3135-8748","3135-8756"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"3135-8748","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.jaair.org/index.php/index/article/view/288","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158974810","display_name":"Vince Heere","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heere, Vince","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158953430","display_name":"Jinthe Kalman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kalman, Jinthe","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/llm-based-agents","display_name":"LLM agents","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personalized-education","display_name":"personalized education","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-tutoring","display_name":"adaptive tutoring","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-path-optimization","display_name":"learning path optimization","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning-controller","display_name":"reinforcement learning controller","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reward-function-design","display_name":"reward function design","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-model","display_name":"student model","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum-representation","display_name":"curriculum representation","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assessment-tools","display_name":"assessment instruments","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-oversight","display_name":"human oversight","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution-shift","display_name":"distribution shift","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-12-mathematics","display_name":"K-12 mathematics","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-education","display_name":"higher education","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/professional-learning","display_name":"professional learning","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accountability","display_name":"accountability","score":0.35199999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7875000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6360999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183003079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000371","display_name":"Personalization","level":2,"score":0.5806000232696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4652999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.43619999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.43160000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.3675000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142039133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3620943","display_name":"Personalized learning","level":5,"score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.3481000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781285556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820370","display_name":"Learning styles","level":2,"score":0.33709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779336797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3055492","display_name":"Intelligent tutoring system","level":2,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125014702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680749","display_name":"Adaptive learning","level":2,"score":0.3003000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199168358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3367000","display_name":"Orchestration","level":3,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5894958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297769","display_name":"Software agent","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179603123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941921","display_name":"Modeling language","level":3,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.2605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.www.jaair.org:article/288","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.jaair.org/index.php/index/article/view/288","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407075832","display_name":"Journal of Advanced Artificial Intelligence Research","issn_l":"3135-8748","issn":["3135-8748","3135-8756"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"3135-8748","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs2.www.jaair.org:article/288","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.jaair.org/index.php/index/article/view/288","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407075832","display_name":"Journal of Advanced Artificial Intelligence Research","issn_l":"3135-8748","issn":["3135-8748","3135-8756"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"3135-8748","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.975600004196167}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4403439632","https://openalex.org/W7159638012","https://openalex.org/W4413911803","https://openalex.org/W7125831570","https://openalex.org/W7166020221","https://openalex.org/W7101418892","https://openalex.org/W7203784539","https://openalex.org/W7130646267","https://openalex.org/W7135023300","https://openalex.org/W4400643378"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Personalized":[0],"education":[1],"seeks":[2],"to":[3],"approximate":[4],"the":[5,72,94,103],"responsiveness,":[6],"diagnosis,":[7],"and":[8,32,58,75,85,118,135,141,145,148,165,168,193],"pacing":[9],"of":[10,77,106],"expert":[11],"human":[12,119],"tutoring":[13,19,84,125],"at":[14],"scale,":[15],"yet":[16],"traditional":[17],"intelligent":[18],"systems":[20,203],"often":[21],"remain":[22],"constrained":[23],"by":[24],"brittle":[25],"domain":[26],"models,":[27,108],"limited":[28],"natural":[29],"language":[30,37,79],"flexibility,":[31],"static":[33],"sequencing":[34],"logic.":[35],"Large":[36],"model":[38,80,100],"agents":[39,81,199],"introduce":[40],"a":[41],"new":[42],"system-level":[43],"possibility:":[44],"they":[45],"can":[46],"interpret":[47],"open-ended":[48],"learner":[49,107,185],"language,":[50],"coordinate":[51],"pedagogical":[52],"tools,":[53],"maintain":[54],"extended":[55],"interaction":[56],"histories,":[57],"generate":[59],"context-sensitive":[60],"explanations":[61],"while":[62],"remaining":[63],"embedded":[64],"in":[65],"measurable":[66],"instructional":[67],"workflows.":[68],"This":[69],"paper":[70,122],"examines":[71],"architecture,":[73],"deployment,":[74],"governance":[76],"large":[78],"for":[82,129],"adaptive":[83,124],"reinforcement":[86,111],"learning-based":[87],"learning":[88,112],"path":[89],"optimization.":[90],"It":[91,155],"argues":[92],"that":[93,180,196],"central":[95],"challenge":[96],"is":[97],"not":[98],"merely":[99],"capability":[101],"but":[102],"socio-technical":[104],"integration":[105],"curriculum":[109],"representations,":[110,186],"controllers,":[113],"retrieval":[114],"infrastructure,":[115],"assessment":[116],"instruments,":[117],"oversight.":[120],"The":[121,177],"analyzes":[123],"architectures,":[126],"reward":[127],"design":[128],"sequencing,":[130],"orchestration":[131],"trade-offs":[132],"across":[133,160],"cloud":[134],"edge":[136],"environments,":[137],"robustness":[138],"under":[139],"hallucination":[140],"distribution":[142],"shift,":[143],"fairness":[144],"privacy":[146],"obligations,":[147],"sustainability":[149],"concerns":[150],"associated":[151],"with":[152,172],"large-scale":[153],"inference.":[154],"also":[156],"considers":[157],"case":[158],"illustrations":[159],"K-12":[161],"mathematics,":[162],"higher":[163],"education,":[164],"professional":[166],"learning,":[167],"compares":[169],"educational":[170,198],"deployments":[171],"other":[173],"high-stakes":[174],"service":[175],"infrastructures.":[176],"conclusion":[178],"emphasizes":[179],"durable":[181],"personalization":[182],"requires":[183],"interpretable":[184],"auditable":[187],"optimization":[188],"objectives,":[189],"resilient":[190],"fallback":[191],"pathways,":[192],"policy":[194],"frameworks":[195],"treat":[197],"as":[200],"accountable":[201],"public-interest":[202],"rather":[204],"than":[205],"isolated":[206],"software":[207],"products.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-19T09:35:57.686232","created_date":"2026-10-18T00:00:00"}
