{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7222850157","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-026-03361-0","title":"Statistical methods for analyzing change over time of continuous outcomes in observational health studies: a scoping review of suggested approaches","display_name":"Statistical methods for analyzing change over time of continuous outcomes in observational health studies: a scoping review of suggested approaches","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7222850157","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-026-03361-0","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42892681","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13675985"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13643-026-03361-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-026-03361-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-026-03361-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13643-026-03361-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S82452678","display_name":"Systematic Reviews","issn_l":"2046-4053","issn":["2046-4053"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systematic Reviews","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13643-026-03361-0.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120591657","display_name":"Martina Bouka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8827-6723","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8827-6723"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205582932","display_name":"Max Delbr\u00fcck Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04p5ggc03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I205582932"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39343248","display_name":"Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/01hcx6992","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39343248"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75951250","display_name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/046ak2485","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7877124","display_name":"Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/001w7jn25","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7877124"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martina Bouka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Public Health, Charit\u00e9 - University Medical Center Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany","Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8827-6723","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Public Health, Charit\u00e9 - University Medical Center Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39343248","https://openalex.org/I75951250","https://openalex.org/I7877124"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205582932"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078471179","display_name":"Eirini Pagkalidou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8655-7293","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8655-7293"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194019607","display_name":"University of Ioannina","ror":"https://ror.org/01qg3j183","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194019607"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eirini Pagkalidou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8655-7293","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194019607"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158986339","display_name":"Solange Gonzalez Chiappe","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205582932","display_name":"Max Delbr\u00fcck Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04p5ggc03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I205582932"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Solange Gonzalez Chiappe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205582932"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054734482","display_name":"Tracy Bonsu Osei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5228-4274","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5228-4274"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205582932","display_name":"Max Delbr\u00fcck Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04p5ggc03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I205582932"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tracy Bonsu Osei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205582932"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088743625","display_name":"Ulrike Grittner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2595-0224","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2595-0224"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39343248","display_name":"Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/01hcx6992","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39343248"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75951250","display_name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/046ak2485","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7877124","display_name":"Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/001w7jn25","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7877124"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ulrike Grittner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charit\u00e9 - University Medical Center Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2595-0224","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charit\u00e9 - University Medical Center Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39343248","https://openalex.org/I75951250","https://openalex.org/I7877124"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088335402","display_name":"Katharina Nimptsch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7877-205X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7877-205X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205582932","display_name":"Max Delbr\u00fcck Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04p5ggc03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I205582932"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katharina Nimptsch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7877-205X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205582932"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060584500","display_name":"Tobias Pischon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1568-767X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1568-767X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205582932","display_name":"Max Delbr\u00fcck Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04p5ggc03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I205582932"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39343248","display_name":"Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/01hcx6992","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39343248"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75951250","display_name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/046ak2485","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7877124","display_name":"Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/001w7jn25","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7877124"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Pischon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biobank Technology Platform, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany. tobias.pischon@mdc-berlin.de","Charit\u00e9 - University Medical Center Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. tobias.pischon@mdc-berlin.de","Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany. tobias.pischon@mdc-berlin.de"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1568-767X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biobank Technology Platform, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany. tobias.pischon@mdc-berlin.de","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205582932"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Charit\u00e9 - University Medical Center Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. tobias.pischon@mdc-berlin.de","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39343248","https://openalex.org/I75951250","https://openalex.org/I7877124"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany. tobias.pischon@mdc-berlin.de","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205582932"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060584500"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205582932","https://openalex.org/I39343248","https://openalex.org/I75951250","https://openalex.org/I7877124"],"apc_list":{"value":3090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":{"value":3090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3090},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73078554,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.5961999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.5961999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.2800000011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.10100000351667404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/within-person-change","display_name":"within-person change","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-outcomes","display_name":"continuous outcomes","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-to-the-mean","display_name":"regression to the mean","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-error","display_name":"measurement error","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline-correction","display_name":"baseline correction","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metabolic-syndrome","display_name":"metabolic syndrome","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-weight","display_name":"body weight","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytical-practice","display_name":"analytic practice","score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bias-correction","display_name":"bias correction","score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"causal inference","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latent-variable-modeling","display_name":"latent variable models","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-making-framework","display_name":"decision-making framework","score":0.3840000033378601}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.8637999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.642799973487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.5257999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.4456999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.44190001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779318504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438035","display_name":"Research design","level":2,"score":0.4302000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.41830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.3993000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.3901999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148482608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007018","display_name":"Clinical study design","level":3,"score":0.3871000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190403672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1135405","display_name":"Regression toward the mean","level":2,"score":0.3837999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777895361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758614","display_name":"Longitudinal study","level":2,"score":0.35269999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.3443000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.33799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.3368000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3192000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19648533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691640","display_name":"Evidence-based medicine","level":3,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119423318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7628405","display_name":"Study heterogeneity","level":3,"score":0.289900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780454255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111916","display_name":"Outcomes research","level":3,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176743888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q862797","display_name":"Observational methods in psychology","level":3,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40423286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284172","display_name":"Selection bias","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141330323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2354820","display_name":"Evidence-based practice","level":3,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.2524999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124936440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6822263","display_name":"Meta-regression","level":3,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008137","descriptor_name":"Longitudinal Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015982","descriptor_name":"Bias","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D064887","descriptor_name":"Observational Studies as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13643-026-03361-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-026-03361-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-026-03361-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13643-026-03361-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S82452678","display_name":"Systematic Reviews","issn_l":"2046-4053","issn":["2046-4053"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systematic Reviews","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13675985","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13675985/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13675985/pdf/13643_2026_Article_3361.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Syst Rev","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42892681","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42892681","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systematic reviews","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:edoc.mdc-berlin.de:27051","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://edoc.mdc-berlin.de/id/eprint/27051/2/27051suppl.zip","pdf_url":"https://edoc.mdc-berlin.de/id/eprint/27051/1/27051oa.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400224","display_name":"MDC Repository (Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149899117","host_organization_name":"Max Planck Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:88e797df5db740bb8a439176698261a8","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/88e797df5db740bb8a439176698261a8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Systematic Reviews, Vol 15, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8780322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8780322","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8780322","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Collection"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8780322.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8780322.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8780322.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Collection"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s13643-026-03361-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-026-03361-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-026-03361-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13643-026-03361-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S82452678","display_name":"Systematic Reviews","issn_l":"2046-4053","issn":["2046-4053"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Systematic Reviews","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9476000070571899,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7222850157.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7222850157.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":178,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W969749081","https://openalex.org/W1482718755","https://openalex.org/W1571494115","https://openalex.org/W1852615781","https://openalex.org/W1861004298","https://openalex.org/W1940691875","https://openalex.org/W1947201006","https://openalex.org/W1962488771","https://openalex.org/W1970365815","https://openalex.org/W1970581960","https://openalex.org/W1971352485","https://openalex.org/W1971395442","https://openalex.org/W1976123348","https://openalex.org/W1978499988","https://openalex.org/W1980162374","https://openalex.org/W1980685705","https://openalex.org/W1982989797","https://openalex.org/W1983120720","https://openalex.org/W1983856845","https://openalex.org/W1984539088","https://openalex.org/W1989958816","https://openalex.org/W1990707119","https://openalex.org/W1993185029","https://openalex.org/W1994093971","https://openalex.org/W1999080764","https://openalex.org/W2002200453","https://openalex.org/W2011615008","https://openalex.org/W2013081537","https://openalex.org/W2028783497","https://openalex.org/W2033785475","https://openalex.org/W2035364184","https://openalex.org/W2035531794","https://openalex.org/W2039535075","https://openalex.org/W2040657283","https://openalex.org/W2041616486","https://openalex.org/W2043927987","https://openalex.org/W2048154694","https://openalex.org/W2049083293","https://openalex.org/W2051040572","https://openalex.org/W2052393784","https://openalex.org/W2053163875","https://openalex.org/W2053814067","https://openalex.org/W2053957495","https://openalex.org/W2055642256","https://openalex.org/W2057967311","https://openalex.org/W2060873901","https://openalex.org/W2063543109","https://openalex.org/W2068393869","https://openalex.org/W2070299148","https://openalex.org/W2070876388","https://openalex.org/W2071672520","https://openalex.org/W2072949561","https://openalex.org/W2074524911","https://openalex.org/W2077707118","https://openalex.org/W2080727847","https://openalex.org/W2080907445","https://openalex.org/W2083888197","https://openalex.org/W2089686896","https://openalex.org/W2090216983","https://openalex.org/W2090416308","https://openalex.org/W2092532138","https://openalex.org/W2095682423","https://openalex.org/W2100659784","https://openalex.org/W2100897694","https://openalex.org/W2101752346","https://openalex.org/W2101786312","https://openalex.org/W2101937086","https://openalex.org/W2103434792","https://openalex.org/W2106837612","https://openalex.org/W2108024321","https://openalex.org/W2108288519","https://openalex.org/W2109602809","https://openalex.org/W2112485745","https://openalex.org/W2115382970","https://openalex.org/W2117828851","https://openalex.org/W2118581711","https://openalex.org/W2119144439","https://openalex.org/W2122357842","https://openalex.org/W2127958374","https://openalex.org/W2127979220","https://openalex.org/W2129511807","https://openalex.org/W2132398051","https://openalex.org/W2132681238","https://openalex.org/W2133742127","https://openalex.org/W2137733455","https://openalex.org/W2141637296","https://openalex.org/W2141783444","https://openalex.org/W2144842055","https://openalex.org/W2146349293","https://openalex.org/W2147254563","https://openalex.org/W2153025301","https://openalex.org/W2153219474","https://openalex.org/W2154459610","https://openalex.org/W2155188667","https://openalex.org/W2155474210","https://openalex.org/W2157050337","https://openalex.org/W2163619003","https://openalex.org/W2165356561","https://openalex.org/W2166798348","https://openalex.org/W2167724762","https://openalex.org/W2167784149","https://openalex.org/W2170286857","https://openalex.org/W2178432062","https://openalex.org/W2259199339","https://openalex.org/W2316325315","https://openalex.org/W2323212804","https://openalex.org/W2328988816","https://openalex.org/W2495727511","https://openalex.org/W2527345173","https://openalex.org/W2563289863","https://openalex.org/W2571355932","https://openalex.org/W2596892262","https://openalex.org/W2603867228","https://openalex.org/W2605535894","https://openalex.org/W2607254705","https://openalex.org/W2618521697","https://openalex.org/W2737068889","https://openalex.org/W2770079438","https://openalex.org/W2770884888","https://openalex.org/W2791933839","https://openalex.org/W2799749837","https://openalex.org/W2809710353","https://openalex.org/W2885995238","https://openalex.org/W2886290405","https://openalex.org/W2891378911","https://openalex.org/W2899423833","https://openalex.org/W2900455036","https://openalex.org/W2900700944","https://openalex.org/W2911796974","https://openalex.org/W2914945285","https://openalex.org/W2947175991","https://openalex.org/W2955482208","https://openalex.org/W2976808286","https://openalex.org/W2981813310","https://openalex.org/W2984462404","https://openalex.org/W2987753755","https://openalex.org/W2990782423","https://openalex.org/W3008333460","https://openalex.org/W3026136662","https://openalex.org/W3033432240","https://openalex.org/W3098885845","https://openalex.org/W3103511958","https://openalex.org/W3103704494","https://openalex.org/W3107608419","https://openalex.org/W3135774079","https://openalex.org/W3149645252","https://openalex.org/W3200709288","https://openalex.org/W3204309581","https://openalex.org/W4210317024","https://openalex.org/W4226021305","https://openalex.org/W4280513077","https://openalex.org/W4280650532","https://openalex.org/W4288065638","https://openalex.org/W4288438935","https://openalex.org/W4295078832","https://openalex.org/W4296675950","https://openalex.org/W4306780860","https://openalex.org/W4307431855","https://openalex.org/W4309074843","https://openalex.org/W4310016657","https://openalex.org/W4312018658","https://openalex.org/W4317567913","https://openalex.org/W4322620483","https://openalex.org/W4366824960","https://openalex.org/W4378701423","https://openalex.org/W4382049274","https://openalex.org/W4385623825","https://openalex.org/W4388419926","https://openalex.org/W4388509207","https://openalex.org/W4391654749","https://openalex.org/W4396946025","https://openalex.org/W4399443807","https://openalex.org/W4400296154","https://openalex.org/W4401467919","https://openalex.org/W4403312216","https://openalex.org/W4407028464","https://openalex.org/W4410320110","https://openalex.org/W4417246826"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7222888319","https://openalex.org/W2141783444","https://openalex.org/W2033785475","https://openalex.org/W2900344923","https://openalex.org/W1893443651","https://openalex.org/W6966427135","https://openalex.org/W2155188667","https://openalex.org/W3023613555","https://openalex.org/W2062349827","https://openalex.org/W2109462702"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Analyses":[1],"of":[2,79,95,167,183,284,301,309,314,350],"within-person":[3,89,310],"change":[4,18,90],"in":[5,11,59,91,136,243,270,307,321],"continuous":[6,92,137],"outcomes":[7,93],"are":[8,57,317],"widely":[9],"used":[10,248,256],"longitudinal":[12,134,199,351],"observational":[13,97,323],"health":[14],"research.":[15,324],"However,":[16],"modeling":[17,128,281],"presents":[19],"challenges,":[20],"particularly":[21],"regarding":[22],"questions":[23],"about":[24],"when":[25,87],"adjustment":[26,266],"for":[27,203,228,251,280],"baseline":[28,252,259],"outcome":[29,253],"values":[30],"is":[31],"indicated":[32],"and":[33,43,62,94,106,111,152,174,191,207,214,231,261,287,305,329,346],"how":[34,54],"to":[35,39,69,84,99,118,157,164,185,189,276,342],"deal":[36],"with":[37,223,332],"regression":[38],"the":[40,165,224],"mean":[41],"(RTM)":[42],"measurement":[44,229],"error":[45],"(ME).":[46],"Despite":[47],"extensive":[48],"methodological":[49,80,173,295,327],"debate,":[50],"it":[51,331],"remains":[52],"unclear":[53],"these":[55,315],"issues":[56],"addressed":[58,123],"applied":[60,96,131,176,239,322],"studies":[61,81,98,122,132,179,240,271],"what":[63],"analytical":[64,101,161,194,244,334],"strategies":[65,83,162],"have":[66],"been":[67],"proposed":[68,180],"mitigate":[70],"related":[71,127,188,289],"biases.":[72],"METHODS:":[73],"We":[74,170],"conducted":[75],"a":[76,154,181,298,339],"scoping":[77],"review":[78,337],"proposing":[82],"address":[85,186],"bias":[86,166,187],"analyzing":[88],"examine":[100],"practice":[102],"following":[103],"PRISMA":[104],"guidelines":[105],"PROSPERO":[107],"registration":[108],"(CRD420251024543).":[109],"MEDLINE":[110],"EMBASE":[112],"were":[113,149,220],"searched":[114],"from":[115],"January":[116],"2000":[117],"April":[119],"2025.":[120],"Methodological":[121,178],"RTM,":[124],"ME,":[125,192],"or":[126],"challenges":[129],"while":[130],"examined":[133],"changes":[135],"metabolic":[138],"syndrome":[139],"(MetS)":[140],"indicators":[141],"as":[142,144,153],"well":[143],"body":[145,273],"weight":[146,274],"outcomes.":[147],"Findings":[148],"synthesized":[150],"narratively":[151],"decision":[155],"framework":[156,341],"help":[158],"researchers":[159],"select":[160],"according":[163],"interest.":[168],"RESULTS:":[169],"included":[171],"66":[172],"102":[175],"studies.":[177],"range":[182],"approaches":[184,302],"RTM":[190,195,304],"including":[193],"correction":[196],"methods,":[197,211],"model-based":[198],"approaches,":[200],"alternative":[201],"estimators":[202],"baseline-change":[204],"associations,":[205],"causal":[206,285],"estimand-based":[208],"frameworks,":[209],"calibration":[210],"latent-variable":[212],"models,":[213],"flexible":[215],"ME":[216,306],"models.":[217],"Common":[218],"recommendations":[219],"aligning":[221],"analyses":[222,308,349],"research":[225],"question,":[226],"accounting":[227],"processes,":[230],"using":[232],"repeated":[233],"measurements":[234],"where":[235],"possible.":[236],"In":[237],"contrast,":[238],"showed":[241],"heterogeneity":[242],"practice.":[245],"Forty-nine":[246],"percent":[247],"models":[249,257],"adjusting":[250],"values,":[254],"44%":[255],"without":[258],"adjustment,":[260],"7%":[262],"reported":[263],"both.":[264],"Baseline":[265],"was":[267,291],"more":[268,344],"common":[269],"examining":[272],"compared":[275],"MetS":[277],"indicators.":[278],"Justification":[279],"choices,":[282],"use":[283],"tools,":[286],"addressing":[288,303],"biases":[290],"uncommon.":[292],"CONCLUSIONS:":[293],"The":[294],"literature":[296],"provides":[297,338],"diverse":[299],"set":[300],"change,":[311],"but":[312],"many":[313],"considerations":[316],"not":[318],"routinely":[319],"reflected":[320],"By":[325],"synthesizing":[326],"guidance":[328],"comparing":[330],"current":[333],"practice,":[335],"this":[336],"structured":[340],"support":[343],"transparent":[345],"methodologically":[347],"informed":[348],"change.":[352]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-10-18T00:00:00"}
