{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7222756210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.611409","title":"Unsupervised geometric classifier based on optical feature extraction","display_name":"Unsupervised geometric classifier based on optical feature extraction","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7222756210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.611409","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42972761"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/oe.611409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.611409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.611409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178776955","display_name":"Optics Express","issn_l":"1094-4087","issn":["1094-4087"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.611409","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102533932","display_name":"Chengwen Huang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengwen Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electronics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electronics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158914581","display_name":"Junhe Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6792-1133","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6792-1133"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junhe Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electronics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China","Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6792-1133","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electronics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"],"apc_list":{"value":2270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2270},"apc_paid":{"value":2270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2270},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6637479,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"22","first_page":"41814","last_page":"41814"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10490","display_name":"Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics","score":0.7318999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10490","display_name":"Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics","score":0.7318999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.19269999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11996","display_name":"Random lasers and scattering media","score":0.02250000089406967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffractive-deep-neural-networks","display_name":"diffractive deep neural networks","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"unsupervised learning","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometric-shape-classification","display_name":"geometric shape classification","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laguerre-gaussian-beams","display_name":"Laguerre-Gaussian beams","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-encoder","display_name":"optical encoder","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clustering","display_name":"clustering","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-computing","display_name":"optical computing","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-modulation","display_name":"phase modulation","score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-beam","display_name":"Gaussian beam","score":0.45100000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-parallel-processing","display_name":"parallel optical processing","score":0.5699999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7265999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6358000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6301000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5414999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4602000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4244999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3702000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.3433000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.24459999799728394}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1364/oe.611409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.611409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.611409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178776955","display_name":"Optics Express","issn_l":"1094-4087","issn":["1094-4087"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42972761","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42972761","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics express","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/oe.611409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.611409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.611409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178776955","display_name":"Optics Express","issn_l":"1094-4087","issn":["1094-4087"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W570299721","https://openalex.org/W2798701005","https://openalex.org/W3012326887","https://openalex.org/W3081028044","https://openalex.org/W3215487394","https://openalex.org/W4285090088","https://openalex.org/W4313854993","https://openalex.org/W4386448655","https://openalex.org/W4387451994","https://openalex.org/W4389172562","https://openalex.org/W4391821463","https://openalex.org/W4399535368","https://openalex.org/W4400061798","https://openalex.org/W4402694963","https://openalex.org/W4402763527","https://openalex.org/W4404164272","https://openalex.org/W4405618275","https://openalex.org/W4407688901","https://openalex.org/W4409396761","https://openalex.org/W4409478761","https://openalex.org/W4410234584","https://openalex.org/W4412472324","https://openalex.org/W4413352416","https://openalex.org/W4413759448","https://openalex.org/W4416104435","https://openalex.org/W4416515598","https://openalex.org/W4416891779","https://openalex.org/W4417106278","https://openalex.org/W4417276730","https://openalex.org/W7107946022","https://openalex.org/W7118538253","https://openalex.org/W7121489834","https://openalex.org/W7122839190","https://openalex.org/W7124854861","https://openalex.org/W7131262184","https://openalex.org/W7131368832","https://openalex.org/W7133500029","https://openalex.org/W7133524081","https://openalex.org/W7134131369","https://openalex.org/W7140208714","https://openalex.org/W7151745306","https://openalex.org/W7161569476","https://openalex.org/W7163506291"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4323805727","https://openalex.org/W4389009295","https://openalex.org/W7122839190","https://openalex.org/W4405903390","https://openalex.org/W4413321345","https://openalex.org/W7171490591","https://openalex.org/W3014428587","https://openalex.org/W4414880207","https://openalex.org/W4324392870","https://openalex.org/W7038887950"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Diffractive":[0],"deep":[1],"neural":[2],"networks":[3],"(D2NNs)":[4],"offer":[5],"extraordinary":[6],"advantages":[7],"for":[8,146],"applications":[9],"in":[10],"real-time":[11],"object":[12],"classification,":[13],"computational":[14],"imaging,":[15],"and":[16,21,35,54,87,154,159],"optical":[17,40,51,69,136],"computing,":[18],"where":[19],"speed":[20],"energy":[22],"efficiency":[23],"are":[24,89],"critical.":[25],"Unsupervised":[26],"learning":[27],"reduces":[28],"reliance":[29],"on":[30,62,135],"labeled":[31],"data,":[32],"enhances":[33],"robustness,":[34],"is":[36,56,123],"inherently":[37],"compatible":[38],"with":[39,82],"parallel":[41],"processing.":[42],"In":[43],"this":[44,122],"work,":[45],"an":[46,68],"unsupervised":[47,112,128],"geometric":[48,132,150],"classifier":[49],"combining":[50],"feature":[52,78,109,137],"extraction":[53],"clustering":[55],"proposed.":[57],"A":[58],"D2NN":[59],"processor":[60],"trained":[61],"the":[63,72,92,99,104,107,117,124,147],"Laguerre-Gaussian":[64],"modes":[65],"serves":[66],"as":[67],"encoder,":[70,106],"mapping":[71],"input":[73],"fields":[74],"to":[75],"a":[76,95],"six-dimensional":[77],"space.":[79],"Circles,":[80],"along":[81],"randomly":[83,155],"rotated":[84,156],"triangles,":[85,157],"squares,":[86,158],"pentagons,":[88],"modulated":[90,100],"onto":[91],"phase":[93],"of":[94,119,127,130],"Gaussian":[96],"beam.":[97],"After":[98],"beams":[101],"pass":[102],"through":[103],"D2NN-based":[105],"resulting":[108],"vectors":[110],"enable":[111],"classification":[113,129,144],"via":[114],"clustering.":[115],"To":[116],"best":[118],"our":[120],"knowledge,":[121],"first":[125],"demonstration":[126],"different":[131,149],"shapes":[133],"based":[134],"extraction.":[138],"The":[139],"experimental":[140],"results":[141],"show":[142],"100%":[143],"accuracy":[145],"four":[148],"shapes,":[151],"including":[152],"circles":[153],"pentagons.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-10-17T00:00:00"}