{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7222611209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010597/v1","title":"DNA-programmed nanogels as dynamic membraneless compartments for synthetic cells","display_name":"DNA-programmed nanogels as dynamic membraneless compartments for synthetic cells","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7222611209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010597/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.15010597/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010597/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010597/v1","pdf_url":"https://chemrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010597/v1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918830","display_name":"ChemRxiv","issn_l":"2573-2293","issn":["2573-2293"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://chemrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010597/v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158909763","display_name":"Ina Bradic","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ina Bradic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, U.K., WC1H 0AJ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, U.K., WC1H 0AJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140296011","display_name":"Chelsea Dack","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chelsea Dack","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, U.K., WC1H 0AJ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, U.K., WC1H 0AJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103977866","display_name":"Ellen Parkes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1887-7057","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1887-7057"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ellen Parkes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, U.K., WC1H 0AJ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, U.K., WC1H 0AJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021630079","display_name":"Michael J. Booth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4224-798X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4224-798X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael J. Booth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, U.K., WC1H 0AJ"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4224-798X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, U.K., WC1H 0AJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10207","display_name":"Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques","score":0.6410999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10207","display_name":"Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques","score":0.6410999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11419","display_name":"Supramolecular Self-Assembly in Materials","score":0.1242000013589859,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2502","display_name":"Biomaterials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11445","display_name":"Origins and Evolution of Life","score":0.04349999874830246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-cells","display_name":"artificial cells","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomolecular-condensates","display_name":"biomolecular condensates","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottom-up-synthetic-biology","display_name":"bottom-up synthetic biology","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compartmentalization","display_name":"compartmentalization","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stimuli-responsive-nanogels","display_name":"stimuli-responsive nanogels","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanoreactors","display_name":"nanoreactors","score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cargo-loading","display_name":"cargo loading","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biocompatibility","display_name":"biocompatibility","score":0.5239999890327454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134424308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4119000","display_name":"Nanogel","level":3,"score":0.8924000263214111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.6646999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191908910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q862838","display_name":"Synthetic biology","level":2,"score":0.5296000242233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.5008000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114032466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1389465","display_name":"Protocell","level":3,"score":0.4943999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189206","display_name":"Vesicle","level":3,"score":0.44760000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137143421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1176234","display_name":"Artificial cell","level":3,"score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777230088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864426","display_name":"Biocompatibility","level":2,"score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203635412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007432","display_name":"Compartment (ship)","level":2,"score":0.3799000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108586683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164826","display_name":"Self-healing hydrogels","level":2,"score":0.3650999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521977710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163","display_name":"Polymer","level":2,"score":0.3382999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779820397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1392806","display_name":"Drug delivery","level":2,"score":0.32739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12554922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100","display_name":"Biophysics","level":1,"score":0.3012000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45206210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2415817","display_name":"Nanoscopic scale","level":2,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8673954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138845","display_name":"Microfluidics","level":2,"score":0.28110000491142273}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.15010597/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010597/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010597/v1","pdf_url":"https://chemrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010597/v1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918830","display_name":"ChemRxiv","issn_l":"2573-2293","issn":["2573-2293"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.15010597/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010597/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010597/v1","pdf_url":"https://chemrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010597/v1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918830","display_name":"ChemRxiv","issn_l":"2573-2293","issn":["2573-2293"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4476168448","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BB/T008709/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G729560977","display_name":"UDLA 2527 University College London","funder_award_id":"EP/Z534882/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7747517847","display_name":"EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in BioDesign Engineering","funder_award_id":"EP/S022856/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332167","display_name":"Directorate for Biological Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/001xhss06"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7222611209.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7222611209.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7221543124"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416782296","https://openalex.org/W7221543124","https://openalex.org/W4388141276","https://openalex.org/W7170075144","https://openalex.org/W4211155531","https://openalex.org/W4412971979","https://openalex.org/W7161272439","https://openalex.org/W2769106346","https://openalex.org/W3166451328","https://openalex.org/W7130563299"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bottom-up":[0],"synthetic":[1,45,72,186,220,244],"biology":[2],"aims":[3],"to":[4,32,38,57,65,85,127,139,153,213,233,243],"engineer":[5],"minimal":[6],"systems":[7],"that":[8,79,99],"mimic":[9],"and":[10,15,18,60,109,133,141,161,172,193,201,226,238],"expand":[11,86],"upon":[12],"biological":[13],"structures":[14],"functions.":[16],"Programmed":[17],"dynamic":[19,108],"organisation":[20],"of":[21,71,121,147,174,185,195,219],"intracellular":[22],"components":[23,81],"into":[24,43,149],"membraneless":[25,41,97,211],"organelles":[26],"is":[27,78],"being":[28,155],"uncovered":[29],"as":[30,94,158,208],"vital":[31],"many":[33],"cellular":[34,76],"processes.":[35],"Current":[36],"approaches":[37],"introduce":[39,239],"such":[40],"compartmentalisation":[42,217],"bottom-up":[44],"cells":[46],"have":[47],"focused":[48],"on":[49],"biomolecular":[50,236],"coacervates,":[51],"which":[52],"are":[53,113],"generally":[54],"highly":[55],"sensitive":[56],"environmental":[58],"conditions":[59],"limited":[61],"in":[62,106],"their":[63,87],"ability":[64,138],"controllably":[66],"interact.":[67],"A":[68],"major":[69],"benefit":[70],"cells,":[73],"over":[74],"living":[75],"systems,":[77],"non-biological":[80],"can":[82,100],"be":[83,101,231],"incorporated":[84],"functionality.":[88],"Here,":[89],"we":[90,168],"present":[91],"DNA-coated":[92,178],"nanogels":[93,150,165,176],"a":[95,107,144,182,209],"new":[96,183,210,241],"compartment":[98],"interfaced":[102],"with":[103,166,223],"vesicle":[104,179],"membranes":[105],"programmed":[110],"manner.":[111],"Nanogels":[112],"well-defined":[114],"nanoscale":[115],"cross-linked":[116],"polymer":[117],"networks.":[118],"The":[119,137],"selection":[120],"the":[122,175,196,216],"constituent":[123],"polymers":[124],"gives":[125],"rise":[126],"tuneable":[128],"size,":[129],"excellent":[130],"biostability,":[131],"stimuli-responsiveness,":[132],"versatile":[134],"cargo":[135],"loading.":[136],"covalently":[140],"non-covalently":[142],"load":[143],"wide":[145],"variety":[146],"cargoes":[148],"has":[151],"led":[152],"them":[154],"widely":[156],"investigated":[157],"drug-delivery":[159],"devices":[160],"nanoreactors.":[162],"By":[163],"functionalising":[164],"DNA,":[167],"achieved":[169,190],"specific":[170],"assembly":[171],"localisation":[173],"onto":[177],"membranes,":[180],"creating":[181],"type":[184],"cell.":[187],"We":[188],"then":[189],"selective":[191],"disassembly":[192],"release":[194],"DNA-nanogels":[197,207],"by":[198],"using":[199],"enzymatic":[200],"DNA":[202],"triggers.":[203],"This":[204],"approach":[205],"introduces":[206],"platform":[212],"dynamically":[214],"control":[215],"state":[218],"cells.":[221,245],"Combined":[222],"nanogel":[224],"biocompatibility":[225],"loading":[227],"capacity,":[228],"DNAnanogels":[229],"might":[230],"exploited":[232],"spatiotemporally":[234],"organise":[235],"reactions":[237],"entirely":[240],"functions":[242]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-17T00:00:00"}