{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7222400565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7619818","title":"How Stable Are Ethical Choices in Large Language Models? Evidence from Trolley-Style Dilemmas","display_name":"How Stable Are Ethical Choices in Large Language Models? Evidence from Trolley-Style Dilemmas","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7222400565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7619818"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.7619818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7619818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7619818","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7619818","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158887378","display_name":"Ha  Thanh Nguyen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142044","display_name":"VinUniversity","ror":"https://ror.org/052dmdr17","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142044"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ha  Thanh Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142044"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091866119","display_name":"Randy G. Goebel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0739-2946","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0739-2946"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Randy Goebel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035046930","display_name":"Kostas Stathis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9946-4037","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9946-4037"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184558857","display_name":"Royal Holloway University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04g2vpn86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I184558857"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kostas Stathis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal Holloway University of London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Holloway University of London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184558857"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078354590","display_name":"Francesca Toni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8194-1459","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8194-1459"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesca Toni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113451385","display_name":"Ken Satoh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ken Satoh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055349923","display_name":"May Myo Zin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1315-7704","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1315-7704"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"May  Myo Zin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037991226","display_name":"Wachara Fungwacharakorn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9294-3118","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9294-3118"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wachara Fungwacharakorn","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109906759","display_name":"Yuntao Kong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187761245","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur","ror":"https://ror.org/01sebzx27","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187761245"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuntao Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187761245"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5158887378"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142044"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11058","display_name":"Ethics in Business and Education","score":0.00800000037997961,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12520","display_name":"Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment","score":0.003599999938160181,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethical-decision-making","display_name":"ethical decision-making","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trolley-problem","display_name":"trolley problem","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/response-stability","display_name":"response stability","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prompt-framing","display_name":"prompt framing","score":0.4560000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethical-frameworks","display_name":"ethical frameworks","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/utilitarianism","display_name":"utilitarianism","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deontology","display_name":"deontology","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtue-ethics","display_name":"virtue ethics","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpt-5-2","display_name":"GPT-5.2","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpt-3-5-turbo","display_name":"GPT-3.5-turbo","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-assisted-decision-making","display_name":"AI-assisted decision-making","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-ai-interaction","display_name":"human-AI interaction","score":0.8600000143051147}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197640229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2534066","display_name":"Predictability","level":2,"score":0.7329000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.6025000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5874999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.5019000172615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4717000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4708000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.4465999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.4302999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188353592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q450586","display_name":"Expectancy theory","level":2,"score":0.40299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133925201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188419","display_name":"Life expectancy","level":3,"score":0.38989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.37529999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183763347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120976","display_name":"Factorial","level":2,"score":0.3653999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3555999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3231000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779318504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438035","display_name":"Research design","level":2,"score":0.3059000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70364389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18757","display_name":"Validity","level":3,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018868096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2693233","display_name":"Internal consistency","level":3,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777239683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157811","display_name":"Virtue","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.25519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102959455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7313954","display_name":"Repeated measures design","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.7619818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7619818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7619818","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.7619818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7619818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7619818","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2081075046","https://openalex.org/W2797784986","https://openalex.org/W2893425640","https://openalex.org/W2896252141","https://openalex.org/W2902634493","https://openalex.org/W3032388710","https://openalex.org/W4239490841","https://openalex.org/W4391872826","https://openalex.org/W4408342414","https://openalex.org/W4411472395"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7116438073","https://openalex.org/W7169671960","https://openalex.org/W4407669337","https://openalex.org/W4392181728","https://openalex.org/W4416241868","https://openalex.org/W7126177651","https://openalex.org/W7134270563","https://openalex.org/W4405955338","https://openalex.org/W4410822526","https://openalex.org/W7163206643"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-10-17T00:00:00"}
