{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7222287882","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.14.759077","title":"Pulmonary Tuberculosis Is Associated with Body Site-Specific Alterations in the Respiratory and Gut Microbiome in Uganda","display_name":"Pulmonary Tuberculosis Is Associated with Body Site-Specific Alterations in the Respiratory and Gut Microbiome in Uganda","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7222287882","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.14.759077"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.14.759077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.14.759077","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.14.759077","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/15/2026.10.14.759077.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/15/2026.10.14.759077.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061277216","display_name":"Monica Mbabazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6621-0586","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6621-0586"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116188","display_name":"Infectious Diseases Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02caa0269","country_code":"UG","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116188"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118448","display_name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration","ror":"https://ror.org/02f5g3528","country_code":"UG","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118448"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72227227","display_name":"Makerere University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dmz0111","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Monica Mbabazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda","Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda","The African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Intensive Sciences, Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6621-0586","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118448"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Intensive Sciences, Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116188","https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158846802","display_name":"Joanitah Nabwire","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72227227","display_name":"Makerere University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dmz0111","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joanitah Nabwire","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158773446","display_name":"Naome Mutesi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72227227","display_name":"Makerere University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dmz0111","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naome Mutesi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002301247","display_name":"Edgar Kigozi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2579-2079","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2579-2079"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72227227","display_name":"Makerere University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dmz0111","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edgar Kigozi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2579-2079","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027567139","display_name":"Sharon Miriam Namiiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6969-1098","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6969-1098"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800872281","display_name":"Mulago Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02rhp5f96","country_code":"UG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800872281"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharon Namiiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["TB Clinic, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6969-1098","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TB Clinic, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800872281"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013797017","display_name":"Adrian Muwonge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8579-0384","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8579-0384"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133960621","display_name":"Roslin Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01920rj20","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133960621","https://openalex.org/I2799693246","https://openalex.org/I4210087105","https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adrian Muwonge","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Digital One Health Laboratory, Division of Epidemiology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Digital One Health Laboratory, Division of Epidemiology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133960621","https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043290345","display_name":"David Patrick Kateete","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8075-3069","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8075-3069"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72227227","display_name":"Makerere University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dmz0111","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Patrick Kateete","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8075-3069","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72227227"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061277216"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116188","https://openalex.org/I4210118448","https://openalex.org/I72227227"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10038","display_name":"Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology","score":0.8057000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10038","display_name":"Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology","score":0.8057000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10066","display_name":"Gut microbiota and health","score":0.17470000684261322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11381","display_name":"Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulmonary-tuberculosis","display_name":"pulmonary tuberculosis","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/respiratory-microbiome","display_name":"airway microbiome","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gut-microbiota","display_name":"gut microbiota","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sputum-microbiome","display_name":"sputum microbiome","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stool-microbiota","display_name":"stool microbiome","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microbial-diversity","display_name":"microbial diversity","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microbial-richness","display_name":"microbial richness","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/streptococcus","display_name":"Streptococcus","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parvimonas","display_name":"Parvimonas","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actinobacillus","display_name":"Actinobacillus","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dorea","display_name":"Dorea","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lachnoclostridium","display_name":"Lachnoclostridium","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turicibacter","display_name":"Turicibacter","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uganda","display_name":"Uganda","score":0.4659999907016754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776301714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q259346","display_name":"Sputum","level":3,"score":0.7423999905586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143121216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330402","display_name":"Microbiome","level":2,"score":0.6057999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151437367","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7884646","display_name":"UniFrac","level":4,"score":0.5051000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4999000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534529494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7891","display_name":"Respiratory system","level":2,"score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.4587000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4189000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61716771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q496","display_name":"Feces","level":2,"score":0.4162999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15151743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903778","display_name":"Metagenomics","level":3,"score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23913935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2650881","display_name":"Alpha diversity","level":3,"score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781069245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12204","display_name":"Tuberculosis","level":2,"score":0.37549999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25147867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36039","display_name":"Beta diversity","level":3,"score":0.3677999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776178081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3286546","display_name":"Respiratory disease","level":3,"score":0.3474000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53565203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17146659","display_name":"Species richness","level":2,"score":0.3407999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38180746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.3379000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42407357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521","display_name":"Physiology","level":1,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146304588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q961652","display_name":"Case-control study","level":2,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539455810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739734","display_name":"Gut flora","level":2,"score":0.31949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776012195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754447","display_name":"Respiratory tract infections","level":3,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75603125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1877462","display_name":"Pulmonary function testing","level":2,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99476002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42297","display_name":"Analysis of variance","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908628106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12204","display_name":"Pulmonary tuberculosis","level":3,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167871757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4982391","display_name":"Buccal swab","level":2,"score":0.2581999897956848}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.14.759077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.14.759077","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.14.759077","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/15/2026.10.14.759077.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.14.759077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.14.759077","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.14.759077","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/15/2026.10.14.759077.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7222287882.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7222287882.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1907046813","https://openalex.org/W2056279562","https://openalex.org/W2516549405","https://openalex.org/W2592810895","https://openalex.org/W2801982388","https://openalex.org/W2896473060","https://openalex.org/W2903882846","https://openalex.org/W2924171209","https://openalex.org/W2982626863","https://openalex.org/W2991479199","https://openalex.org/W3019168548","https://openalex.org/W3035113912","https://openalex.org/W3092327810","https://openalex.org/W3195812444","https://openalex.org/W4221085663","https://openalex.org/W4282971773","https://openalex.org/W4310941473","https://openalex.org/W4323305876","https://openalex.org/W4365443923","https://openalex.org/W4380237605","https://openalex.org/W4381436569","https://openalex.org/W4383709705","https://openalex.org/W4385356485","https://openalex.org/W4386967748","https://openalex.org/W4388047079","https://openalex.org/W4388730959","https://openalex.org/W4390403217","https://openalex.org/W4390929150","https://openalex.org/W4393340240","https://openalex.org/W4398179230","https://openalex.org/W4399068959","https://openalex.org/W4399749384","https://openalex.org/W4409921734","https://openalex.org/W4411530901","https://openalex.org/W4412390680","https://openalex.org/W4414443822","https://openalex.org/W7117554151","https://openalex.org/W7126155104","https://openalex.org/W7154564582"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6910533384","https://openalex.org/W7140273986","https://openalex.org/W3092530878","https://openalex.org/W4387382219","https://openalex.org/W4404069588","https://openalex.org/W2346456697","https://openalex.org/W4221079800","https://openalex.org/W2794061371","https://openalex.org/W2074510367","https://openalex.org/W4403557104"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Tuberculosis":[2],"is":[3,55],"a":[4,79],"major":[5],"infectious":[6],"disease":[7],"whose":[8],"effects":[9],"may":[10],"extend":[11],"beyond":[12],"the":[13,29,45,229,243,247,301,333],"lungs":[14],"to":[15,47,234,354],"influence":[16],"microbial":[17,175,238,298,341],"communities":[18,342],"at":[19,94],"other":[20],"body":[21,53,264,320],"sites.":[22],"Although":[23],"studies":[24,347],"have":[25,365],"reported":[26],"alterations":[27,50],"in":[28,99,190,218,236,279,288,297,306,343],"respiratory":[30,338],"and":[31,44,63,72,91,103,116,146,164,179,207,213,228,277,281,286,300,309,322,327,339,362],"gut":[32,340],"microbiomes":[33,65],"of":[34,143,148,303,335],"people":[35],"with":[36,69,88,135,252,268,295],"TB,":[37,269],"evidence":[38,312],"from":[39],"sub-Saharan":[40],"Africa":[41],"remains":[42],"limited,":[43],"extent":[46],"which":[48],"these":[49,357],"differ":[51],"between":[52,211],"sites":[54],"not":[56,195],"fully":[57],"understood.":[58],"This":[59],"study":[60,81],"characterized":[61],"sputum":[62,163,308],"stool":[64,104,166,237,253],"among":[66,183],"Ugandan":[67],"adults":[68,87],"pulmonary":[70,89],"TB":[71,90,184,222,292,344],"those":[73],"without":[74],"TB.":[75],"Methods":[76],"We":[77],"conducted":[78],"cross-sectional":[80],"involving":[82,272],"200":[83],"participants,":[84],"comprising":[85],"150":[86],"50":[92],"contacts,":[93],"Mulago":[95],"National":[96],"Referral":[97],"Hospital":[98],"Kampala,":[100],"Uganda.":[101],"Sputum":[102],"samples":[105,167],"were":[106,154,168,181,194],"profiled":[107],"using":[108,123,132,156,348],"16S":[109],"rRNA":[110],"gene":[111],"sequencing.":[112],"Following":[113],"quality":[114,160],"control":[115],"contaminant":[117],"removal,":[118],"within-sample":[119],"diversity":[120,126,129,208],"was":[121,130,246,293,323],"assessed":[122,138],"multiple":[124,201,259],"alpha":[125],"indices.":[127],"Beta":[128],"evaluated":[131],"distance-based":[133],"methods,":[134],"group":[136],"differences":[137,189,217,271,296,317],"by":[139,319,325],"permutational":[140],"multivariate":[141],"analysis":[142],"variance":[144],"(PERMANOVA)":[145],"homogeneity":[147],"dispersion":[149,326],"tests.":[150],"Differentially":[151],"abundant":[152],"taxa":[153,305],"identified":[155,263],"ANCOM-BC2.":[157],"Results":[158],"After":[159],"control,":[161],"135":[162],"151":[165],"retained":[169],"for":[170,200,258,313],"downstream":[171],"analysis.":[172],"In":[173,203,240],"sputum,":[174,280],"richness":[176,206,299],"estimators":[177],"Chao1":[178],"ACE":[180],"lower":[182],"cases":[185,223],"than":[186],"controls,":[187],"whereas":[188],"overall":[191,314],"community":[192,219,254,315],"composition":[193,255,316],"statistically":[196],"significant":[197],"after":[198,256],"correction":[199,257],"testing.":[202,260],"stool,":[204,310],"several":[205],"measures":[209],"differed":[210],"groups,":[212],"beta-diversity":[214],"analyses":[215,262],"detected":[216],"composition.":[220],"However,":[221],"exhibited":[224],"greater":[225],"within-group":[226],"dispersion,":[227],"sequencing":[230,244,328,350],"platform":[231,245],"contributed":[232],"substantially":[233],"variation":[235],"profiles.":[239],"multivariable":[241],"analyses,":[242],"only":[248],"factor":[249],"independently":[250],"associated":[251,294],"Differential-abundance":[261],"site-specific":[265],"taxonomic":[266],"associations":[267],"including":[270],"Streptococcus":[273],",":[274,276,283,285],"Parvimonas":[275],"Actinobacillus":[278],"Dorea":[282],"Lachnoclostridium":[284],"Turicibacter":[287],"stool.":[289],"Conclusion":[290],"Pulmonary":[291],"abundance":[302],"specific":[304],"both":[307,337],"but":[311],"varied":[318],"site":[321],"influenced":[324],"platform.":[329],"These":[330],"findings":[331],"highlight":[332],"importance":[334],"examining":[336],"research.":[345],"Longitudinal":[346],"standardized":[349],"methods":[351],"are":[352],"needed":[353],"clarify":[355],"how":[356],"patterns":[358],"change":[359],"during":[360],"treatment":[361],"whether":[363],"they":[364],"diagnostic":[366],"or":[367],"clinical":[368],"relevance.":[369]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-10-16T00:00:00"}