{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7221908645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w18202554","title":"Influence of Precipitation Sources on Pareto-Optimal Parameter Sets and Hydrological Partitioning in SWAT+","display_name":"Influence of Precipitation Sources on Pareto-Optimal Parameter Sets and Hydrological Partitioning in SWAT+","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7221908645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w18202554"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/w18202554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w18202554","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w18202554","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134216166","display_name":"Water","issn_l":"2073-4441","issn":["2073-4441"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w18202554","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004702211","display_name":"Yen-Wei Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5521-6326","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5521-6326"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117965899","display_name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa","ror":"https://ror.org/01wspgy28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117965899"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yen-Wei Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawai\u2018i at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5521-6326","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawai\u2018i at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117965899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074477361","display_name":"Jun\u2010Yi Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4442-0264","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4442-0264"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134161618","display_name":"National Taiwan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/059dkdx38","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134161618"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun-Yi Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4442-0264","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134161618"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103074516","display_name":"Tianzhiwen Teng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0399-7465","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0399-7465","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0247-6562"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134161618","display_name":"National Taiwan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/059dkdx38","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134161618"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tse-Yang Teng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0399-7465","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134161618"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158812262","display_name":"Ching-Li Yen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134161618","display_name":"National Taiwan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/059dkdx38","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134161618"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ching-Li Yen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134161618"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065905789","display_name":"Chi\u2010Cheng Chiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1129-7949","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1129-7949","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2385-6947"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134161618","display_name":"National Taiwan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/059dkdx38","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134161618"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi-Cheng Chiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134161618"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065799595","display_name":"Tsung\u2010Yu Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5203-470X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5203-470X","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7960-184X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134161618","display_name":"National Taiwan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/059dkdx38","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134161618"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tsung-Yu Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5203-470X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134161618"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076985205","display_name":"Chia\u2010Jeng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7018-1025","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7018-1025"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162838928","display_name":"National Chung Hsing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vn3ca78","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chia-Jeng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7018-1025","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162838928"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75304815,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"20","first_page":"2554","last_page":"2554"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10330","display_name":"Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10330","display_name":"Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11119","display_name":"Urban Stormwater Management Solutions","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitation-datasets","display_name":"precipitation datasets","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gridded-precipitation","display_name":"gridded precipitation","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gauge-based-precipitation","display_name":"gauge-based precipitation","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swat","display_name":"SWAT","score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-objective-calibration","display_name":"multi-objective calibration","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nsga-ii","display_name":"NSGA-II","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/runoff-coefficient","display_name":"runoff coefficient","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mountain-catchments","display_name":"mountain catchments","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/southern-taiwan","display_name":"southern Taiwan","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parameter-transferability","display_name":"parameter transferability","score":0.5630000233650208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.8611999750137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7860999703407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53739315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29425295","display_name":"Streamflow","level":3,"score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150547873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947851","display_name":"Watershed","level":2,"score":0.6567999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50477045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1444790","display_name":"Surface runoff","level":2,"score":0.5128999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.47609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126197015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586683","display_name":"Hydrological modelling","level":2,"score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75398719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268938","display_name":"Quantitative precipitation estimation","level":3,"score":0.4108999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168754636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620920","display_name":"Climate model","level":3,"score":0.3781000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140178040","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18402512","display_name":"Quantitative precipitation forecast","level":3,"score":0.361299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.3610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153823671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049799","display_name":"Water resources","level":2,"score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.30730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66465714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148989","display_name":"Water balance","level":2,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992826812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29425295","display_name":"Stream flow","level":3,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.2531000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/w18202554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w18202554","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w18202554","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134216166","display_name":"Water","issn_l":"2073-4441","issn":["2073-4441"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/w18202554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w18202554","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w18202554","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134216166","display_name":"Water","issn_l":"2073-4441","issn":["2073-4441"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.7778000235557556},{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.46149998903274536}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W999207820","https://openalex.org/W1264495630","https://openalex.org/W1841063203","https://openalex.org/W1998195322","https://openalex.org/W2023253352","https://openalex.org/W2030995226","https://openalex.org/W2101589741","https://openalex.org/W2114991930","https://openalex.org/W2124125124","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2140878949","https://openalex.org/W2147746661","https://openalex.org/W2397311736","https://openalex.org/W2515322126","https://openalex.org/W2557882646","https://openalex.org/W2796831252","https://openalex.org/W2892250830","https://openalex.org/W2912877302","https://openalex.org/W2913203604","https://openalex.org/W2924062633","https://openalex.org/W2974247245","https://openalex.org/W2981764160","https://openalex.org/W2983984239","https://openalex.org/W2999911923","https://openalex.org/W3011062114","https://openalex.org/W3100677398","https://openalex.org/W3101788655","https://openalex.org/W3179491528","https://openalex.org/W3186918226","https://openalex.org/W3197822234","https://openalex.org/W4210384686","https://openalex.org/W4212921386","https://openalex.org/W4220861958","https://openalex.org/W4225285071","https://openalex.org/W4280523473","https://openalex.org/W4283366791","https://openalex.org/W4286354986","https://openalex.org/W4291014942","https://openalex.org/W4307704316","https://openalex.org/W4311832141","https://openalex.org/W4320728946","https://openalex.org/W4367311017","https://openalex.org/W4390528165","https://openalex.org/W4392199596","https://openalex.org/W4399871706","https://openalex.org/W4400623605","https://openalex.org/W4408348501","https://openalex.org/W4410051571","https://openalex.org/W4413645752","https://openalex.org/W4414704044","https://openalex.org/W4415205363","https://openalex.org/W4416430261","https://openalex.org/W4417322487","https://openalex.org/W7140290947","https://openalex.org/W7150918950","https://openalex.org/W7163368214"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"precipitation":[1,11,46,78,85,102,111,120,179,188],"inputs":[2,189],"are":[3,168,190],"essential":[4],"for":[5,50,63],"watershed":[6,213],"hydrological":[7,24,73,107],"modeling,":[8],"yet":[9],"different":[10,19,106,178],"datasets":[12,86],"may":[13],"produce":[14],"similar":[15],"streamflow":[16,89],"performance":[17],"through":[18],"calibrated":[20,94,165],"parameter":[21,68,70,95,166],"combinations":[22],"and":[23,34,40,72,100,115,124,139,155,171,215],"process":[25],"representations.":[26],"This":[27],"study":[28,195],"evaluated":[29],"the":[30,58,122,129,147,197,209],"effects":[31],"of":[32,199,212],"gauge-based":[33,99,119],"Taiwan":[35,56],"Climate":[36],"Change":[37],"Projection":[38],"Information":[39],"Adaptation":[41],"Knowledge":[42],"Platform":[43],"(TCCIP)":[44],"gridded":[45,101,110],"on":[47],"SWAT+":[48],"simulations":[49,81,214],"two":[51],"mountainous":[52],"watersheds":[53],"in":[54,66,104,121,137,144],"southern":[55],"using":[57],"NSGA-II":[59],"multi-objective":[60],"optimization":[61],"algorithm":[62],"calibration.":[64],"Differences":[65],"Pareto-optimal":[67],"distributions,":[69],"convergence,":[71],"partitioning":[74],"were":[75],"compared":[76],"between":[77,177],"inputs.":[79],"Although":[80],"driven":[82],"by":[83],"both":[84],"achieved":[87],"comparable":[88],"performance,":[90],"they":[91],"produced":[92],"distinct":[93],"sets":[96,167],"and,":[97],"therefore,":[98],"resulted":[103],"substantially":[105],"partitioning.":[108],"TCCIP":[109],"was":[112],"approximately":[113],"11%":[114],"22%":[116],"lower":[117],"than":[118],"ZW":[123,138],"LN":[125],"watersheds,":[126],"respectively.":[127,160],"Correspondingly,":[128],"runoff":[130],"coefficient":[131],"decreased":[132],"from":[133,140,151,156],"67.98%":[134],"to":[135,142,153,158,207],"64.13%":[136],"62.13%":[141],"53.18%":[143],"LN,":[145],"while":[146],"evapotranspiration-to-precipitation":[148],"ratio":[149],"increased":[150],"32.38%":[152],"35.80%":[154],"37.72%":[157],"45.06%,":[159],"The":[161],"findings":[162],"indicate":[163],"that":[164],"precipitation-source":[169],"dependent":[170],"should":[172],"not":[173],"be":[174],"transferred":[175],"directly":[176],"datasets.":[180],"Instead,":[181],"independent":[182],"model":[183],"calibration":[184],"is":[185],"recommended":[186],"whenever":[187],"changed.":[191],"More":[192],"broadly,":[193],"this":[194],"highlights":[196],"importance":[198],"complementing":[200],"conventional":[201],"streamflow-based":[202],"evaluation":[203],"with":[204],"process-based":[205],"diagnostics":[206],"improve":[208],"physical":[210],"reliability":[211],"water":[216],"resource":[217],"assessments.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-17T09:40:24.721904","created_date":"2026-10-16T00:00:00"}