{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7221869016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.12.26363793","title":"Quantifying optimal AWaRe antibiotic use patterns in hospitals with a new benchmarking tool applied to cross-sectional point prevalence survey data from 10 countries","display_name":"Quantifying optimal AWaRe antibiotic use patterns in hospitals with a new benchmarking tool applied to cross-sectional point prevalence survey data from 10 countries","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7221869016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.12.26363793"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.12.26363793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.12.26363793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.12.26363793","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/15/2026.10.12.26363793.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/15/2026.10.12.26363793.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032775738","display_name":"Myo Maung Maung Swe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6044-8718","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6044-8718"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25399158","display_name":"Mahidol University","ror":"https://ror.org/01znkr924","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25399158"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126604","display_name":"Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit","ror":"https://ror.org/03fs9z545","country_code":"TH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25399158","https://openalex.org/I40120149","https://openalex.org/I4210126604","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}],"countries":["GB","TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Myo Maung Maung Swe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6044-8718","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25399158","https://openalex.org/I4210126604"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065325174","display_name":"Ines Pauwels","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0106-2118","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0106-2118"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ines Pauwels","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Health Institute, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium","Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0106-2118","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Health Institute, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003824515","display_name":"S\u00edlvia Figueiredo Costa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1087-752X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1087-752X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silvia Figueiredo Costa","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAMO-Net, Infectious Diseases Department, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAMO-Net, Infectious Diseases Department, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053001384","display_name":"Ana Paula Matos Porto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3641-9746","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3641-9746"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17974374","display_name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/036rp1748","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ana Paula Matos Porto","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAMO-Net, Infectious Diseases Department, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAMO-Net, Infectious Diseases Department, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17974374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050489042","display_name":"Mari Rose De Los Reyes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9622-7386","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9622-7386"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800979572","display_name":"Research Institute for Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/01g79at26","country_code":"PH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800979572"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mari Rose De Los Reyes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800979572"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158808427","display_name":"Jemelyn Garcia","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800979572","display_name":"Research Institute for Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/01g79at26","country_code":"PH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800979572"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jemelyn Garcia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800979572"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025299021","display_name":"Jafar Soltani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5393-5542","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5393-5542"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800596343","display_name":"Imam Khomeini Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05v2x6b69","country_code":"IR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800596343","https://openalex.org/I70640408"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70640408","display_name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01c4pz451","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70640408"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jafar Soltani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","Research centre for antibiotic stewardship & antimicrobial resistance, Department of Paediatrics, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70640408"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research centre for antibiotic stewardship & antimicrobial resistance, Department of Paediatrics, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800596343","https://openalex.org/I70640408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112620632","display_name":"David Chimbizgani Banda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6625-7275","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6625-7275"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David C Banda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Research and Access Platform, Lusaka, Zambia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Research and Access Platform, Lusaka, Zambia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075664313","display_name":"Svetlana Aleksandrovna Rachina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3329-7846","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3329-7846"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17877952","display_name":"Sechenov University","ror":"https://ror.org/02yqqv993","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17877952"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Svetlana Rachina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hospital Therapy Department No. 2, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russian Federation"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hospital Therapy Department No. 2, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russian Federation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17877952"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058131098","display_name":"\u0411\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u042e\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4422-6517","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4422-6517"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120801","display_name":"Smolensk State Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02wwnew71","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120801"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuliya Belkova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Smolensk State Medical University, 214019 Smolensk, Russian Federation"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Smolensk State Medical University, 214019 Smolensk, Russian Federation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120801"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121050598","display_name":"Herberth Maldonado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-1660","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-1660"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91044043","display_name":"Universidad del Valle de Guatemala","ror":"https://ror.org/03nyjqm54","country_code":"GT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91044043"]}],"countries":["GT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Herberth Maldonado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91044043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071009871","display_name":"Milena Lopi\u010di\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6922-9514","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6922-9514"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milena Lopicic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Public Health of Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Public Health of Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005848276","display_name":"Maja Rai\u010devi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7007-0571","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7007-0571"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106873","display_name":"Klini\u010dki Centar Crne Gore","ror":"https://ror.org/01teshw58","country_code":"ME","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106873"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5936373","display_name":"University of Montenegro","ror":"https://ror.org/02drrjp49","country_code":"ME","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5936373"]}],"countries":["ME"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maja Raicevic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro","Institute for Children\u2019s Diseases, Clinical Centre of Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5936373"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Children\u2019s Diseases, Clinical Centre of Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106873"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040388807","display_name":"Erika Vlieghe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4865-3030","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4865-3030"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102047","display_name":"Antwerp University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01hwamj44","country_code":"BE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102047"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erika Vlieghe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of General Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium","Global Health Institute, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of General Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102047"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Health Institute, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015111891","display_name":"Ann Versporten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3551-6643","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3551-6643"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ann Versporten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Health Institute, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium","Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3551-6643","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Health Institute, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053224561","display_name":"Mike Sharland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8626-8291","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8626-8291"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401726869","display_name":"City St George's, University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/047ybhc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4401726869"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Sharland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Antibiotic Policy Group, School of Health and Medical Sciences, City St. George\u2019s University of London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8626-8291","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Antibiotic Policy Group, School of Health and Medical Sciences, City St. George\u2019s University of London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401726869"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055542255","display_name":"Ben Symons Cooper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9445-7217","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9445-7217"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25399158","display_name":"Mahidol University","ror":"https://ror.org/01znkr924","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25399158"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126604","display_name":"Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit","ror":"https://ror.org/03fs9z545","country_code":"TH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25399158","https://openalex.org/I40120149","https://openalex.org/I4210126604","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}],"countries":["GB","TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben S Cooper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9445-7217","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25399158","https://openalex.org/I4210126604"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037150892","display_name":"Cherry Lim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2555-6980","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2555-6980"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25399158","display_name":"Mahidol University","ror":"https://ror.org/01znkr924","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25399158"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126604","display_name":"Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit","ror":"https://ror.org/03fs9z545","country_code":"TH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25399158","https://openalex.org/I40120149","https://openalex.org/I4210126604","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}],"countries":["GB","TH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cherry Lim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2555-6980","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25399158","https://openalex.org/I4210126604"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":9,"institutions_distinct_count":15,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037150892"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25399158","https://openalex.org/I40120149","https://openalex.org/I4210126604"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10897","display_name":"Antibiotic Use and Resistance","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10897","display_name":"Antibiotic Use and Resistance","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11080","display_name":"Surgical site infection prevention","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10147","display_name":"Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2726","display_name":"Microbiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibiotic-prescribing","display_name":"antibiotic prescribing","score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aware-classification","display_name":"AWaRe classification","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking-tool","display_name":"benchmarking tool","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empiric-antibiotic-use","display_name":"empiric antibiotic use","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inpatient-antibiotic-use","display_name":"inpatient antibiotic use","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antimicrobial-resistance","display_name":"antimicrobial resistance","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"decision tree","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibiotic-stewardship","display_name":"antibiotic stewardship","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observed-to-expected-ratio","display_name":"observed-to-expected ratio","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children-and-adults","display_name":"children and adults","score":0.4440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-national-comparison","display_name":"cross-national comparison","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antimicrobial-resistance-surveillance","display_name":"antimicrobial resistance surveillance","score":0.41600000858306885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.8779000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7372000217437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.5774999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94665300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63391344","display_name":"Antibiotic resistance","level":3,"score":0.5486999750137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779181126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374236","display_name":"Empiric therapy","level":3,"score":0.42489999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.36320000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.35580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.3488999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.3422999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.33739998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.33399999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160050368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132453","display_name":"Developed country","level":3,"score":0.3292999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46578552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725393","display_name":"Global health","level":3,"score":0.3237000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186079640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719602","display_name":"Prevalence","level":3,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.3068999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.3050999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198477413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7647069","display_name":"Survey data collection","level":2,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986834420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5932254","display_name":"Age groups","level":2,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23276603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158230","display_name":"Pharmacoepidemiology","level":3,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4937899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68541106","display_name":"Antimicrobial","level":2,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017810746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374236","display_name":"Empiric treatment","level":3,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.12.26363793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.12.26363793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.12.26363793","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/15/2026.10.12.26363793.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.12.26363793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.12.26363793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.12.26363793","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/15/2026.10.12.26363793.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9940000176429749,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2193739248","display_name":"Antimicrobial Resistance, Prescribing, and Consumption Data to Inform Country Antibiotic Guidance and Local Action \u2013 the ADILA project.","funder_award_id":"222051/Z/20/Z","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5537254719","display_name":"Antimicrobial Resistance, Prescribing, and Consumption Data to Inform Country Antibiotic Guidance and Local Action \u2013 the ADILA project.","funder_award_id":"222051","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320290","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325879","display_name":"Universidade Estadual Paulista","ror":"https://ror.org/00987cb86"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331145","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o","ror":"https://ror.org/043fhe951"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338067","display_name":"Institute of Infection and Immunity","ror":"https://ror.org/05wdecy17"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7221869016.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7221869016.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7126244355","https://openalex.org/W3143871140","https://openalex.org/W2953274188","https://openalex.org/W7169871005","https://openalex.org/W4220926791","https://openalex.org/W7161287808","https://openalex.org/W7169886421","https://openalex.org/W4410762366","https://openalex.org/W4295645130","https://openalex.org/W7211913589"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Both":[2],"over-":[3],"and":[4,38,74,90,104,132,140,172,204,207,214,230,259,276,300,334,364,375,449,461,489,535,555,597,637,679,733,737,766,806],"under-antibiotic":[5],"use":[6,37,55,119,123,176,210,275,294,363,422,428,481,514,584,609,627,659,717,722,771,800],"pose":[7],"major":[8],"global":[9],"health":[10],"challenges,":[11],"yet":[12],"there":[13,680],"is":[14,307,321,326],"no":[15,336],"consensus":[16],"on":[17,60,389,483,516],"how":[18],"to":[19,50,71,195,249,269,285,295,381,468,580,604,619,711,719,756,782,797],"quantify":[20,270,620],"deviations":[21,713],"from":[22,99,105,225,244,247,573,628,774],"optimal":[23],"prescribing":[24,376],"or":[25,338,350],"set":[26],"evidence-based":[27],"targets.":[28],"We":[29,46,77,113,386,504,538,614],"developed":[30,47,505,539],"a":[31,108,162,506,592,779],"benchmarking":[32,264,365],"tool":[33,265,281,508,707,750,781,793],"for":[34,56,65,101,130,136,227,232,257,393,432,509,525,550,558,644,688],"inpatient":[35],"antibiotic":[36,54,118,159,166,175,209,274,293,471,484,513,531,548,565,583,608,626,648,658,676,686,716,744,799],"evaluated":[39],"its":[40],"application":[41],"in":[42,86,107,126,151,185,190,235,240,254,340,355,429,440,495,561,588,610,647,683,714,723,729,802],"10":[43,88,102],"countries.":[44,112,215],"Methods":[45],"decision-tree":[48],"models":[49,80,465,542,568],"estimate":[51,425,469,581],"expected":[52,117,171,203,292,368,427,470,480,511,582,630,666,721],"empiric":[53,122,157,173,715],"11":[57],"indications,":[58],"based":[59,482,515],"the":[61,79,87,310,315,327,332,341,352,379,401,479,496,517,545,562,574,606,611,621,624,629,639,668,673,695,701,720,742,776,784],"WHO":[62,277,674],"AWaRe":[63,141,278,564,586,747,764],"book":[64],"two":[66],"age":[67,691],"groups:":[68],"28":[69,193],"days":[70,133,194,734],"\u226412":[72,196],"years":[73,239,693],">12":[75,149,238,692],"years.":[76,197],"parameterised":[78],"using":[81,400],"country-specific":[82],"antimicrobial":[83,362,369,384,421,492,788],"resistance":[84,493],"estimates":[85,290,601],"countries":[89,103,153,187,223,442],"cross-sectional":[91],"Global":[92,575],"Point":[93,576],"Prevalence":[94,577],"Survey":[95,578],"(Global-PPS)":[96,579],"case-mix":[97],"data":[98,268,344,346,348,572],"2021":[100],"2015\u20132022":[106],"subset":[109],"of":[110,134,164,200,220,291,309,331,426,436,453,475,491,501,530,594,623,641,699,735,741,786],"five":[111],"then":[114,615],"compared":[115],"estimated":[116,478],"with":[120,690],"observed":[121,156,184,205,273,366,420,607,625,770],"(from":[124],"Global-PPS)":[125],"defined":[127,730],"daily":[128,731],"doses":[129,732],"adults":[131],"therapy":[135],"children,":[137],"across":[138,212,222],"indications":[139,213,768],"categories.":[142],"Findings":[143],"In":[144],"2021,":[145],"among":[146],"patients":[147,191,236,689],"aged":[148,192,237],"years,":[150],"all":[152,186,435,700],"but":[154,188],"one,":[155],"Access":[158,206,228,258],"use,":[160,167,631],"as":[161],"proportion":[163,593],"total":[165,595,743],"was":[168,177,660],"lower":[169],"than":[170,179,663],"Watch":[174,208,233,260,657,684],"higher":[178,662],"expected.":[180],"Similar":[181],"patterns":[182,650,801],"were":[183,438,466,569,602,681],"one":[189],"The":[198,216,319,567,653],"magnitude":[199],"discrepancies":[201],"between":[202,272],"varied":[211],"median":[217],"observed-to-expected":[218,255,617],"ratios":[219,256,618,643],"usage":[221,370,649,687],"ranged":[224],"0.3\u20130.8":[226],"antibiotics,":[229],"0.7\u20135.3":[231],"antibiotics":[234],"2021.":[241],"Temporal":[242],"trends":[243],"repeated":[245],"surveys":[246],"2015":[248],"2022":[250],"showed":[251],"little":[252],"change":[253],"antibiotics.":[261],"Interpretation":[262],"This":[263,305,704,749],"uses":[266],"Global-PPS":[267,320,333],"differences":[271],"recommendations.":[279],"Our":[280],"can":[282,751],"be":[283,665,753,795],"adaptable":[284,755],"local":[286,372,526,634,758],"guidelines,":[287,486,678],"provides":[288,778],"policy-relevant":[289],"support":[296,783],"monitoring,":[297],"procurement":[298],"planning,":[299],"targeted":[301,787],"stewardship":[302,789],"intervention.":[303],"Funding":[304],"study":[306,342,360,497,503,696],"part":[308],"ADILA":[311],"project":[312],"supported":[313,322],"by":[314,323,544,571,585,746],"Wellcome":[316],"Trust":[317],"(222051/Z/20/Z).":[318],"bioM\u00e9rieux.":[324],"bioM\u00e9rieux":[325],"sole":[328],"private":[329],"partner":[330],"had":[335,671],"role":[337],"responsibility":[339],"design,":[343],"collection,":[345],"analysis,":[347],"interpretation":[349],"writing":[351],"report.":[353],"Research":[354],"context":[356],"Evidence":[357],"before":[358],"this":[359,502,792],"Monitoring":[361],"against":[367,423],"given":[371,632],"disease":[373,527,635],"burden":[374],"guidelines":[377,522],"has":[378],"potential":[380],"help":[382],"optimise":[383],"use.":[385,472],"searched":[387],"PubMed":[388],"3":[390],"August":[391],"2026":[392],"articles":[394],"published":[395],"since":[396],"1":[397],"January":[398],"2020,":[399],"search":[402],"terms:":[403],"(((Benchmark)":[404],"AND":[405,407,409],"(Expected))":[406],"(Antimicrobial))":[408],"(Hospital).":[410],"Among":[411],"37":[412],"studies":[413,477],"retrieved,":[414],"we":[415],"found":[416],"eight":[417],"that":[418,656],"benchmarked":[419],"an":[424],"hospital":[430,559],"settings":[431,560],"interhospital":[433],"comparison,":[434],"which":[437],"conducted":[439],"high-income":[441],"(the":[443],"United":[444,446],"States,":[445],"Kingdom,":[447],"Finland":[448],"Japan).":[450],"A":[451],"range":[452],"statistical":[454],"approaches":[455],"including":[456],"indirect":[457],"standardisation,":[458],"risk-adjusted":[459],"regression,":[460],"generalised":[462],"linear":[463],"mixed":[464],"used":[467,603,796],"Notably,":[473],"none":[474],"these":[476,642],"treatment":[485,549,759],"drug":[487,533],"availability":[488,534],"risk":[490,529],"(AMR)":[494],"population.":[498],"Added":[499],"value":[500],"novel":[507],"estimating":[510],"empirical":[512,547,675],"World":[518],"Health":[519],"Organization":[520],"(WHO)":[521],"while":[523],"accounting":[524],"burden,":[528,636],"resistance,":[532],"patient":[536],"severity.":[537],"decision":[540],"tree":[541],"informed":[543,570],"recommended":[546],"ten":[551],"common":[552],"infection":[553],"syndromes":[554],"surgical":[556],"prophylaxis":[557],"WHO\u2019s":[563],"book.":[566],"category":[587],"both":[589,724],"relative":[590,718],"(as":[591],"use)":[596,745],"absolute":[598,725],"measures.":[599],"These":[600],"benchmark":[605],"same":[612],"cohort.":[613],"calculated":[616],"deviation":[622],"reported":[633],"demonstrated":[638],"utility":[640],"monitoring":[645],"changes":[646],"over":[651,694,804],"time.":[652],"findings":[654],"indicated":[655],"substantially":[661],"would":[664],"if":[667],"surveyed":[669],"hospitals":[670,710,803],"followed":[672],"prescription":[677],"improvements":[682],"plus":[685],"period.":[697],"Implications":[698],"available":[702],"evidence":[703],"new":[705,780],"analytical":[706],"could":[708,794],"enable":[709],"assess":[712],"terms":[726],"(e.g.":[727],"measures":[728,739],"therapy)":[736],"proportional":[738],"(out":[740],"category.":[748],"also":[752],"readily":[754],"incorporate":[757],"guidelines.":[760],"By":[761],"identifying":[762],"specific":[763],"categories":[765],"clinical":[767],"where":[769],"deviates":[772],"most":[773],"expectations,":[775],"framework":[777],"prioritisation":[785],"interventions.":[790],"Moreover,":[791],"monitor":[798],"time":[805],"identify":[807],"possible":[808],"cost":[809],"savings.":[810]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-10-16T00:00:00"}
