{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7221796136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1924913","title":"Cognitive transparency and trust calibration in explainable AI systems: a psychological model of human-AI decision reliance","display_name":"Cognitive transparency and trust calibration in explainable AI systems: a psychological model of human-AI decision reliance","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7221796136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1924913","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42952563","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13713401"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1924913","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1924913","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1924913","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1924913/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1924913/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121248617","display_name":"Usman Rehman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162706563","display_name":"Hoseo University","ror":"https://ror.org/01qyd4k24","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162706563"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Usman Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Global Venture Technology Management, Hoseo University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Global Venture Technology Management, Hoseo University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162706563"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5121248617"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162706563"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72933477,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"1924913","last_page":"1924913"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.004699999932199717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-ai","display_name":"explainable AI","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-transparency","display_name":"algorithmic transparency","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trust-calibration","display_name":"trust calibration","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-trust","display_name":"cognitive trust","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-literacy","display_name":"AI literacy","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-understanding","display_name":"cognitive understanding","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-ai-collaboration","display_name":"human-AI collaboration","score":0.5730000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.7465999722480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.7361000180244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.666700005531311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.5644000172615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.5501999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161407221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4382939","display_name":"Cognitive model","level":3,"score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.44339999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3840999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105409693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5937824","display_name":"Human intelligence","level":2,"score":0.3783000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.37290000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53371666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778408","display_name":"Need for cognition","level":3,"score":0.320499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.31839999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3091000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547764534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8236","display_name":"Literacy","level":2,"score":0.3084999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.3028999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150681269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2380771","display_name":"Cognitive style","level":3,"score":0.25279998779296875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1924913","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1924913","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1924913","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1924913/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13713401","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13713401/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13713401/pdf/fpsyg-17-1924913.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Psychol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42952563","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42952563","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in psychology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:593861499ded44f181ead6f696d02745","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/593861499ded44f181ead6f696d02745","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology, Vol 17 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1924913","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1924913","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1924913","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1924913/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321369","display_name":"Hoseo University","ror":"https://ror.org/01qyd4k24"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7221796136.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7221796136.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1204404493","https://openalex.org/W1791587663","https://openalex.org/W2063052894","https://openalex.org/W2100379340","https://openalex.org/W2105846236","https://openalex.org/W2106096361","https://openalex.org/W2110078189","https://openalex.org/W2142175015","https://openalex.org/W2143074722","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2670253439","https://openalex.org/W2891503716","https://openalex.org/W2954503794","https://openalex.org/W2955829435","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W2984353433","https://openalex.org/W3013998503","https://openalex.org/W3029022390","https://openalex.org/W3037634279","https://openalex.org/W3093033010","https://openalex.org/W3119394424","https://openalex.org/W3159250634","https://openalex.org/W4235678817","https://openalex.org/W4243342770","https://openalex.org/W4285083185","https://openalex.org/W4308885549","https://openalex.org/W4311487064","https://openalex.org/W4323655724","https://openalex.org/W4360620450","https://openalex.org/W4380365974","https://openalex.org/W4392752316","https://openalex.org/W4399992361","https://openalex.org/W4400195536","https://openalex.org/W4402696988","https://openalex.org/W4406679533","https://openalex.org/W4416402838","https://openalex.org/W7151771234","https://openalex.org/W7161018005"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7172449548","https://openalex.org/W3093033010","https://openalex.org/W7204015934","https://openalex.org/W7166690752","https://openalex.org/W4415102320","https://openalex.org/W4393965009","https://openalex.org/W7165357536","https://openalex.org/W3191729889","https://openalex.org/W4384524844","https://openalex.org/W7109843375"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Explainable":[1],"artificial":[2],"intelligence":[3],"(XAI)":[4],"is":[5,302],"widely":[6],"expected":[7],"to":[8,27,246],"improve":[9],"transparency":[10,53,146],"and":[11,32,35,46,60,76,102,144,202,211,228,251,259,297,313],"support":[12],"appropriate":[13,283],"human":[14,67,189],"reliance":[15,28,68,190,247,301],"on":[16,69,191],"AI-assisted":[17],"decision-making.":[18],"However,":[19],"the":[20,206,222,225,267],"psychological":[21,49],"processes":[22],"through":[23,71,248],"which":[24,55,185,242],"explainability":[25,140,210],"relates":[26,245],"remain":[29],"insufficiently":[30],"understood,":[31],"explainability,":[33,57],"transparency,":[34,59],"trust":[36,77,176,180,252],"have":[37],"largely":[38],"been":[39],"examined":[40],"separately.":[41],"Objectives:":[42],"This":[43],"study":[44],"develops":[45],"tests":[47],"a":[48,83,239,262],"model":[50,218],"of":[51,221],"cognitive":[52,72,74,154,173,212],"in":[54,97,100,135,224,241,265,291],"AI":[56,62,70,80,95,110,139,165,192,203,209,244,289,315],"algorithmic":[58,145],"perceived":[61,164],"accuracy":[63,166,312],"are":[64,236],"associated":[65,152,171,178,187],"with":[66,79,153,172,179,188,238,308,314],"understanding,":[73],"trust,":[75],"calibration,":[78,280],"literacy":[81,204,316],"as":[82,294],"boundary":[84],"condition.":[85],"Methods:":[86],"A":[87],"cross-sectional":[88],"online":[89],"survey":[90],"was":[91,177,186],"completed":[92],"by":[93,121],"342":[94],"users":[96],"South":[98],"Korea":[99],"May":[101],"June":[103],"2026.":[104],"Each":[105],"participant":[106],"evaluated":[107],"one":[108],"self-selected":[109],"system":[111,311],"that":[112,288],"they":[113],"had":[114],"personally":[115],"used;":[116],"all":[117,255],"constructs":[118,227,256],"were":[119,125,150,170,200,257],"measured":[120,260],"self-report.":[122],"The":[123,217,234,285],"data":[124],"analyzed":[126],"using":[127],"partial":[128],"least":[129],"squares":[130],"structural":[131],"equation":[132],"modeling":[133],"(PLS-SEM)":[134],"SmartPLS":[136],"4.":[137],"Results:":[138],"(\u03b2":[141,147,158,167,182,193,214],"=":[142,148,159,168,183,194,215],"0.349)":[143],"0.297)":[149],"positively":[151],"understanding.":[155],"Cognitive":[156,175],"understanding":[157,213,250],"0.388)":[160],"and,":[161],"more":[162],"strongly,":[163],"0.492)":[169],"trust.":[174],"calibration":[181],"0.631),":[184],"0.600).":[195],"All":[196],"hypothesized":[197],"indirect":[198],"effects":[199],"significant,":[201],"strengthened":[205],"association":[207],"between":[208],"0.192).":[216],"explained":[219],"36%-54%":[220],"variance":[223],"endogenous":[226],"showed":[229],"medium":[230],"predictive":[231],"power.":[232],"Conclusion:":[233],"findings":[235,286],"consistent":[237],"sequence":[240],"explainable":[243],"users'":[249,272],"judgments.":[253],"Because":[254],"self-reported":[258],"at":[261],"single":[263],"point":[264],"time,":[266],"results":[268],"describe":[269],"associations":[270],"among":[271],"perceptions":[273],"rather":[274],"than":[275],"causal":[276],"effects,":[277],"independently":[278],"verified":[279],"or":[281],"objectively":[282],"reliance.":[284],"suggest":[287],"developers":[290],"domains":[292],"such":[293],"healthcare,":[295],"education,":[296],"finance,":[298],"where":[299],"calibrated":[300],"critical,":[303],"should":[304],"pair":[305],"user-facing":[306],"explanations":[307],"information":[309],"about":[310],"support.":[317]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-15T00:00:00"}
