{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7221790367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aea6de","title":"A Rest-frame K -band View of Bulge Growth in Massive Star-forming Galaxies at z \u223c 2","display_name":"A Rest-frame K -band View of Bulge Growth in Massive Star-forming Galaxies at z \u223c 2","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7221790367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aea6de"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aea6de","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aea6de","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aea6de","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aea6de/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aea6de/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035823251","display_name":"Ken-ichi Tadaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9728-8909","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9728-8909"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91764395","display_name":"Hokkai Gakuen University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h9h0e34","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91764395"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ken-ichi Tadaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hokkai-Gakuen University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9728-8909","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hokkai-Gakuen University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91764395"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035823251"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91764395"],"apc_list":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"apc_paid":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68086902,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1010","issue":"2","first_page":"154","last_page":"154"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10477","display_name":"Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bulge-formation","display_name":"bulge formation","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/massive-star-forming-galaxies","display_name":"massive star-forming galaxies","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-redshift-galaxies","display_name":"high-redshift galaxies","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bulge-to-total-ratio","display_name":"bulge-to-total ratio","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bulge-disc-decomposition","display_name":"bulge-disk decomposition","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dust-attenuation","display_name":"dust attenuation","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specific-star-formation-rate","display_name":"specific star formation rate","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-energy-distribution","display_name":"spectral energy distribution","score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stellar-mass-distribution","display_name":"stellar mass distribution","score":0.5199999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.9650999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10767094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854155","display_name":"Bulge","level":3,"score":0.8672000169754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.8072999715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33024259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76250","display_name":"Redshift","level":3,"score":0.6937000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.6754000186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125857072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16744","display_name":"Star formation","level":3,"score":0.4959000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50425793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575187","display_name":"Spectral energy distribution","level":3,"score":0.47589999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168589115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3079618","display_name":"Stellar mass","level":4,"score":0.42309999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.4090999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780974285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3967221","display_name":"Photometric redshift","level":4,"score":0.36629998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134222618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2713132","display_name":"Mass distribution","level":3,"score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188232333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2406056","display_name":"Mass ratio","level":2,"score":0.3361000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150846664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7602306","display_name":"Stars","level":2,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9395851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177929","display_name":"Stack (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780897414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600592","display_name":"Star (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132645408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5317012","display_name":"Dust lane","level":4,"score":0.2921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184652730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357982","display_name":"Attenuation","level":2,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101991246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422078","display_name":"Extinction (optical mineralogy)","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68271606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625648","display_name":"Photometry (optics)","level":3,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110472602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6472","display_name":"Stellar evolution","level":3,"score":0.25600001215934753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aea6de","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aea6de","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aea6de","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aea6de/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2607.17424","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.17424","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2607.17424","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:37d250c92f64446bb92cafcb9dc1ce5b","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/37d250c92f64446bb92cafcb9dc1ce5b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal, Vol 1010, Iss 2, p 154 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.17424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.17424","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.17424","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aea6de","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aea6de","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aea6de","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aea6de/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3456374072","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#2017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4283570424","display_name":"Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)","funder_award_id":"DNRF140","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320943","funder_display_name":"Danmarks Grundforskningsfond"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6118057440","display_name":"\u5de8\u5927\u671b\u9060\u93e1\u7fa4\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u89e3\u304d\u660e\u304b\u3059\u52a0\u901f\u6210\u9577\u671f\u306b\u3042\u308b\u9280\u6cb3\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u69cb\u9020","funder_award_id":"23K03466","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315788","display_name":"National Radio Astronomy Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/04m24yn62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320943","display_name":"Danmarks Grundforskningsfond","ror":"https://ror.org/00znyv691"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322112","display_name":"Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04g2pxh42"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323772","display_name":"National Astronomical Observatory of Japan","ror":"https://ror.org/052rrw050"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","display_name":"National Science and Technology Council","ror":"https://ror.org/00wnb9798"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335134","display_name":"National Institutes of Natural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/055n47h92"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7221790367.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7221790367.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1570059738","https://openalex.org/W1900974919","https://openalex.org/W1913812026","https://openalex.org/W1965166314","https://openalex.org/W1970333333","https://openalex.org/W1971770935","https://openalex.org/W1974350456","https://openalex.org/W1974665753","https://openalex.org/W1993839984","https://openalex.org/W1994671833","https://openalex.org/W1994771289","https://openalex.org/W2014220424","https://openalex.org/W2017868275","https://openalex.org/W2024319723","https://openalex.org/W2027604185","https://openalex.org/W2031617522","https://openalex.org/W2033724876","https://openalex.org/W2033803356","https://openalex.org/W2045895958","https://openalex.org/W2048274049","https://openalex.org/W2048414711","https://openalex.org/W2058402562","https://openalex.org/W2078765460","https://openalex.org/W2079227246","https://openalex.org/W2112633422","https://openalex.org/W2117254878","https://openalex.org/W2127662770","https://openalex.org/W2132651645","https://openalex.org/W2146573890","https://openalex.org/W2147955140","https://openalex.org/W2149545930","https://openalex.org/W2151062050","https://openalex.org/W2153928838","https://openalex.org/W2155705849","https://openalex.org/W2163197622","https://openalex.org/W2164266118","https://openalex.org/W2260153557","https://openalex.org/W2285880218","https://openalex.org/W2461659949","https://openalex.org/W2473998775","https://openalex.org/W2507561363","https://openalex.org/W2529413960","https://openalex.org/W2581974067","https://openalex.org/W2795322206","https://openalex.org/W2797021940","https://openalex.org/W2898775218","https://openalex.org/W2899552690","https://openalex.org/W2946594096","https://openalex.org/W2977461811","https://openalex.org/W3083090489","https://openalex.org/W3108272314","https://openalex.org/W3124194601","https://openalex.org/W3200336580","https://openalex.org/W3215163665","https://openalex.org/W4281694390","https://openalex.org/W4283701068","https://openalex.org/W4283743339","https://openalex.org/W4297476634","https://openalex.org/W4303439025","https://openalex.org/W4307444474","https://openalex.org/W4365512567","https://openalex.org/W4367854094","https://openalex.org/W4386915862","https://openalex.org/W4388213380","https://openalex.org/W4400035932","https://openalex.org/W4401895417","https://openalex.org/W4403180896","https://openalex.org/W4403389572","https://openalex.org/W4405907876","https://openalex.org/W4406253868","https://openalex.org/W4406267293","https://openalex.org/W4406992617","https://openalex.org/W4412622448","https://openalex.org/W4416411574","https://openalex.org/W4417005432","https://openalex.org/W6912703191","https://openalex.org/W6967561513","https://openalex.org/W7116874018"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3124770552","https://openalex.org/W2604511560","https://openalex.org/W4320813706","https://openalex.org/W3137896480","https://openalex.org/W3160739848","https://openalex.org/W4307444474","https://openalex.org/W4396978072","https://openalex.org/W2098039106","https://openalex.org/W4403389572","https://openalex.org/W4406253868"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"We":[1],"study":[2],"bulge":[3,157,220,270],"formation":[4,209],"in":[5,23,79,104,177,223,254,266],"16":[6,136],"massive":[7,264],"dusty":[8,129,227],"star-forming":[9,130],"galaxies":[10,137,265],"at":[11,138,194,200],"z":[12,41],"\u223c":[13],"2":[14],"by":[15,232],"combining":[16],"JWST":[17],"MIRI":[18],"F770W":[19,45,80,147,163,246],"imaging,":[20],"NIRCam":[21,73],"imaging":[22,110],"eight":[24],"bands,":[25],"and":[26,60,97,146,155],"Atacama":[27],"Large":[28],"Millimeter/submillimeter":[29],"Array":[30],"(ALMA)":[31],"870":[32,86,143,235],"\u03bc":[33,51,87,144,236],"m":[34,52,88,145,237],"data.":[35],"At":[36],"the":[37,44,48,56,62,72,85,116,120,128,135,142,162,172,185,195,206,217,219,226,234,245,255],"median":[38,93],"redshift":[39],"of":[40,84,95,119,134,161,169,216,269],"=":[42,191],"2.18,":[43],"band":[46],"probes":[47],"rest-frame":[49,57,107],"2.4":[50],"light,":[53,247],"close":[54],"to":[55,114,152,197],"K":[58,108],"band,":[59],"traces":[61],"stellar":[63,121],"mass":[64],"distribution":[65],"with":[66,82,91,180],"much":[67],"less":[68],"dust":[69,89],"attenuation":[70,186],"than":[71,102,244],"bands.":[74],"The":[75,106],"effective":[76],"radii":[77],"measured":[78],"agree":[81,149],"those":[83,103],"emission,":[90],"a":[92,139,156,166],"ratio":[94,168],"0.95,":[96],"are":[98,252],"typically":[99],"23%":[100],"smaller":[101],"F444W.":[105],"-band":[109],"is,":[111],"therefore,":[112],"essential":[113],"measure":[115],"true":[117],"extent":[118],"mass,":[122],"which":[123,248],"is":[124,212,221,239],"as":[125,127],"compact":[126,243],"regions.":[131],"In":[132,214,229],"stacks":[133],"matched":[140],"resolution,":[141],"profiles":[148],"closely":[150],"out":[151],"8":[153],"kpc,":[154,204],"plus":[158],"disk":[159],"decomposition":[160],"stack":[164],"gives":[165],"bulge-to-total":[167],"0.50.":[170],"Fitting":[171],"spectral":[173],"energy":[174],"distributions":[175],"(SEDs)":[176],"radial":[178],"bins":[179],"CIGALE,":[181],"we":[182],"find":[183],"that":[184,250],"decreases":[187],"from":[188],"A":[189],"V":[190],"3.7":[192],"mag":[193,199],"center":[196],"1.9":[198],"r":[201],"\u2273":[202],"7":[203],"while":[205],"specific":[207],"star":[208],"rate":[210],"profile":[211],"flat.":[213],"most":[215],"galaxies,":[218,231],"already":[222],"place":[224],"inside":[225],"core.":[228],"two":[230],"contrast,":[233],"emission":[238],"3\u20136":[240],"times":[241],"more":[242],"suggests":[249],"they":[251],"still":[253],"bulge-building":[256],"compaction":[257],"phase.":[258],"Our":[259],"sample":[260],"may,":[261],"thus,":[262],"catch":[263],"several":[267],"phases":[268],"formation.":[271]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-10-15T00:00:00"}