{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7221763620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10841434/v1","title":"Equal heat, unequal harm: rural\u2013urban disparity in heat-related illness and a burden-matched comparison of heat-alert design levers in Korea","display_name":"Equal heat, unequal harm: rural\u2013urban disparity in heat-related illness and a burden-matched comparison of heat-alert design levers in Korea","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7221763620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10841434/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10841434/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10841434/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10841434/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10841434/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10841434/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158747417","display_name":"Eunjung CHO","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132214","display_name":"National Institute of Green Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03g03dn68","country_code":"KR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210132214","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eunjung CHO","raw_affiliation_strings":["Green Technology Center"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Green Technology Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132214"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5158747417"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132214"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11244","display_name":"Climate Change and Health Impacts","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11244","display_name":"Climate Change and Health Impacts","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11109","display_name":"Thermoregulation and physiological responses","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-related-illness","display_name":"heat-related illness","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-warnings","display_name":"heat warnings","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-alerts","display_name":"heat alerts","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-urban-disparity","display_name":"rural-urban disparity","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-equity","display_name":"health equity","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-thresholds","display_name":"temperature thresholds","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-normals","display_name":"climate normals","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardized-morbidity-ratio","display_name":"standardized morbidity ratio","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergency-department-visits","display_name":"emergency department visits","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/korea","display_name":"Korea","score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health-policy","display_name":"public health policy","score":0.35899999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.5813000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.5098000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.47290000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44648626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049848","display_name":"Percentage point","level":2,"score":0.450300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.4377000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.4325999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.4239000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129047720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175185","display_name":"Rural area","level":2,"score":0.40459999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3968000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.39579999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107524782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40164","display_name":"Lever","level":2,"score":0.3935999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3677999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106192678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1419761","display_name":"Collinearity","level":2,"score":0.3644999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.34150001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77265313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q879844","display_name":"Rest (music)","level":2,"score":0.33980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780589192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7285140","display_name":"Raising (metalworking)","level":2,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2662999927997589}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10841434/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10841434/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10841434/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10841434/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10841434/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10841434/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10841434/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10841434/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9537000060081482},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8787999749183655},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4000000059604645}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7221763620.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7221763620.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972740056","https://openalex.org/W2021208937","https://openalex.org/W2041990424","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2121024352","https://openalex.org/W2153385311","https://openalex.org/W2162775913","https://openalex.org/W2170712385","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2604671814","https://openalex.org/W2769759576","https://openalex.org/W2894491307","https://openalex.org/W2895015869","https://openalex.org/W2920783516","https://openalex.org/W2963738540","https://openalex.org/W3171801815","https://openalex.org/W3181205698","https://openalex.org/W3191121940","https://openalex.org/W3196525124","https://openalex.org/W4400672262","https://openalex.org/W4402010513","https://openalex.org/W4406866030","https://openalex.org/W4408523829","https://openalex.org/W4410941867","https://openalex.org/W4413406994","https://openalex.org/W4413894260","https://openalex.org/W4415239738","https://openalex.org/W4415243009","https://openalex.org/W4417414051","https://openalex.org/W7134887095","https://openalex.org/W7160255301"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4313812103","https://openalex.org/W2321426016","https://openalex.org/W2905684276","https://openalex.org/W4224570764","https://openalex.org/W322160271","https://openalex.org/W7204178787","https://openalex.org/W4409111646","https://openalex.org/W4307435123","https://openalex.org/W1986714929","https://openalex.org/W3199327927"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Heat":[1],"warnings":[2],"usually":[3],"rest":[4],"on":[5,16,32,198,218,238],"a":[6,37,59,68,108,122,203,215],"single":[7,148],"temperature":[8],"threshold,":[9],"and":[10,22,62,151,189],"the":[11,19,33,63,101,131,147,158,167,172,179,222,231,241],"design":[12],"debate":[13],"has":[14],"concentrated":[15],"two":[17,173],"levers:":[18],"heat":[20],"indicator,":[21],"localization.":[23],"How":[24],"often":[25],"alerts":[26],"are":[27],"issued":[28],"is":[29],"rarely":[30],"placed":[31],"same":[34],"scale.":[35],"In":[36],"daily":[38,95],"panel":[39],"of":[40,110,210],"230":[41],"Korean":[42],"municipalities,":[43],"May\u2013September":[44],"2019\u20132025":[45],"(244,430":[46],"area-days;":[47],"16,927":[48],"heat-illness":[49],"emergency-department":[50],"reports),":[51],"standardized":[52],"morbidity":[53],"ratios":[54],"(SMR)":[55],"were":[56,78],"estimated":[57],"against":[58,106],"weather-only":[60],"baseline":[61],"three":[64],"levers":[65],"compared":[66],"at":[67,135,175,244],"matched":[69],"alert":[70],"burden":[71],"under":[72,221],"four":[73,200],"objective":[74],"functions;":[75],"rural":[76,102,164],"municipalities":[77,93],"those":[79],"below":[80],"500":[81],"persons/km\u00b2.":[82],"Exposure":[83],"was":[84,104],"near-identical":[85],"and,":[86],"if":[87],"anything,":[88],"marginally":[89],"hotter":[90],"in":[91,205],"urban":[92],"(mean":[94],"maximum":[96],"27.83":[97],"vs":[98],"27.97\u00b0C),":[99],"yet":[100],"SMR":[103],"1.98":[105],"0.87,":[107],"ratio":[109],"2.28":[111],"(95%":[112],"CI":[113],"1.91\u20132.68);":[114],"adding":[115],"climate":[116],"normals":[117],"lowered":[118],"it":[119],"to":[120,181,229],"1.32,":[121],"lower":[123],"bound":[124],"given":[125],"their":[126],"collinearity":[127],"with":[128],"rurality.":[129],"With":[130],"alert-day":[132],"share":[133,180],"fixed":[134],"11.7%,":[136],"percentile-matched":[137],"thresholds":[138,153,235],"captured":[139,160],"3.6":[140],"percentage":[141],"points":[142],"(pp)":[143],"more":[144,163],"cases":[145],"than":[146],"national":[149,223],"rule":[150],"incidence-matched":[152],"1.2":[154],"pp":[155,162,188],"more,":[156],"though":[157],"latter":[159],"19.1":[161],"cases.":[165],"Switching":[166],"indicator":[168,242],"yielded":[169],"0.8":[170],"pp,":[171,194],"correlating":[174],"0.95":[176],"daily.":[177],"Raising":[178],"28.7%":[182],"increased":[183],"case":[184],"capture":[185],"by":[186,192],"31.7":[187],"Peirce":[190],"skill":[191],"17.2":[193],"exceeding":[195],"every":[196],"lever":[197],"all":[199,211],"objectives":[201],"\u2014":[202],"gain":[204],"discrimination,":[206],"not":[207],"permissiveness.":[208],"Half":[209],"cases,":[212],"about":[213],"1,160":[214],"year,":[216],"fall":[217],"non-alert":[219],"days":[220],"33\u00b0C":[224],"rule.":[225],"Alert":[226],"frequency":[227],"appears":[228],"dominate":[230],"debated":[232],"levers;":[233],"region-specific":[234],"matter":[236],"mainly":[237],"equity":[239],"objectives,":[240],"hardly":[243],"all.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-15T00:00:00"}