{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7221750488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62101984","title":"High-Flow Nasal Cannula Outcomes in COVID-19-Associated Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: Illness Severity, Awake Prone Positioning, and Risk of Intubation in a Single-Center ICU Cohort","display_name":"High-Flow Nasal Cannula Outcomes in COVID-19-Associated Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: Illness Severity, Awake Prone Positioning, and Risk of Intubation in a Single-Center ICU Cohort","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7221750488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62101984"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/medicina62101984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62101984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62101984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1008817457","display_name":"Medicina","issn_l":"1010-660X","issn":["1010-660X","1648-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicina","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62101984","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158723437","display_name":"Merve \u00d6zlem K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7aslan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6789-3921","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6789-3921"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163523","display_name":"T\u00fcrk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Derne\u011fi","ror":"https://ror.org/05ej12d67","country_code":"TR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163523"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67581229","display_name":"Istanbul University","ror":"https://ror.org/03a5qrr21","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67581229"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Merve \u00d6zlem K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7aslan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Dr. Ersin Arslan Research and Training Hospital, 27090 Gaziantep, T\u00fcrkiye","Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6789-3921","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Dr. Ersin Arslan Research and Training Hospital, 27090 Gaziantep, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163523"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163523","https://openalex.org/I67581229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052354057","display_name":"Mert Canbaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3489-6944","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3489-6944"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163523","display_name":"T\u00fcrk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Derne\u011fi","ror":"https://ror.org/05ej12d67","country_code":"TR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163523"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67581229","display_name":"Istanbul University","ror":"https://ror.org/03a5qrr21","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67581229"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mert Canbaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3489-6944","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163523","https://openalex.org/I67581229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061428829","display_name":"\u00d6zlem Polat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3806-5574","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3806-5574"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108009","display_name":"Haseki E\u011fitim ve Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Hastanesi","ror":"https://ror.org/010q6ek40","country_code":"TR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108009"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163523","display_name":"T\u00fcrk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Derne\u011fi","ror":"https://ror.org/05ej12d67","country_code":"TR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163523"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67581229","display_name":"Istanbul University","ror":"https://ror.org/03a5qrr21","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67581229"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00d6zlem Polat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Haseki Research and Training Hospital, 34096 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye","Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Haseki Research and Training Hospital, 34096 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108009","https://openalex.org/I4210163523"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163523","https://openalex.org/I67581229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081420535","display_name":"Perihan Ergin \u00d6zcan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7986-4984","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7986-4984"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163523","display_name":"T\u00fcrk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Derne\u011fi","ror":"https://ror.org/05ej12d67","country_code":"TR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163523"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67581229","display_name":"Istanbul University","ror":"https://ror.org/03a5qrr21","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67581229"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Perihan Ergin \u00d6zcan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163523","https://openalex.org/I67581229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026542566","display_name":"Figen Esen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4419-4903","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4419-4903"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163523","display_name":"T\u00fcrk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Derne\u011fi","ror":"https://ror.org/05ej12d67","country_code":"TR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163523"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67581229","display_name":"Istanbul University","ror":"https://ror.org/03a5qrr21","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67581229"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Figen Esen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163523","https://openalex.org/I67581229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2654},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2654},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85701835,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":"10","first_page":"1984","last_page":"1984"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10322","display_name":"Respiratory Support and Mechanisms","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10322","display_name":"Respiratory Support and Mechanisms","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10041","display_name":"COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10234","display_name":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-flow-nasal-cannula","display_name":"high-flow nasal cannula","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acute-hypoxemic-respiratory-failure","display_name":"acute hypoxemic respiratory failure","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/awake-prone-positioning","display_name":"awake prone positioning","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endotracheal-intubation","display_name":"endotracheal intubation","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-invasive-respiratory-support","display_name":"non-invasive respiratory support","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pao2-fio2-ratio","display_name":"PaO2/FiO2 ratio","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apache-ii","display_name":"APACHE II score","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sofa-score","display_name":"SOFA score","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intubation-risk","display_name":"intubation risk","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/icu-mortality","display_name":"ICU mortality","score":0.3799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immortal-time-bias","display_name":"immortal time bias","score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/propensity-score-weighting","display_name":"propensity score weighting","score":0.5600000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.89410001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780334268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3435476","display_name":"Nasal cannula","level":3,"score":0.8202000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163100246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064483","display_name":"Prone position","level":2,"score":0.6345999836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778716859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q939018","display_name":"Intubation","level":2,"score":0.6194000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776376669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5094647","display_name":"Intensive care unit","level":2,"score":0.5945000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42219234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130","display_name":"Anesthesia","level":1,"score":0.54339998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.4893999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.46480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17923572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7250160","display_name":"Propensity score matching","level":2,"score":0.459199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.4587000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987404301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care","level":2,"score":0.3734999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.365200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.32429999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776888751","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q767485","display_name":"Respiratory failure","level":2,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776779939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1479485","display_name":"Hypoxemia","level":2,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780630273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1988216","display_name":"Oxygen therapy","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30036603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17125150","display_name":"Severity of illness","level":2,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/medicina62101984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62101984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62101984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1008817457","display_name":"Medicina","issn_l":"1010-660X","issn":["1010-660X","1648-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicina","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/medicina62101984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62101984","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62101984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1008817457","display_name":"Medicina","issn_l":"1010-660X","issn":["1010-660X","1648-9144"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicina","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964453580","https://openalex.org/W2009593206","https://openalex.org/W2065974896","https://openalex.org/W2074168334","https://openalex.org/W2106923828","https://openalex.org/W2111714917","https://openalex.org/W2128472822","https://openalex.org/W2148218430","https://openalex.org/W2275737843","https://openalex.org/W2404984931","https://openalex.org/W2906476728","https://openalex.org/W2914546156","https://openalex.org/W2946092459","https://openalex.org/W3009885589","https://openalex.org/W3010960510","https://openalex.org/W3013907926","https://openalex.org/W3017062785","https://openalex.org/W3024826574","https://openalex.org/W3025561053","https://openalex.org/W3041985244","https://openalex.org/W3048702451","https://openalex.org/W3094458208","https://openalex.org/W3140555303","https://openalex.org/W3161997411","https://openalex.org/W3194098660","https://openalex.org/W3194818609","https://openalex.org/W4220704897","https://openalex.org/W4220930964","https://openalex.org/W4280613900","https://openalex.org/W4310036596","https://openalex.org/W4366526288","https://openalex.org/W4368358185"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"and":[1,21,31,46,72,76,111,155,169,182,197,201,263,318,372,381,398,412],"Objectives:":[2],"High-flow":[3],"nasal":[4],"cannula":[5],"(HFNC)":[6],"is":[7],"widely":[8],"used":[9,160],"in":[10,56,179,184],"acute":[11,62],"hypoxemic":[12,63],"respiratory":[13,64],"failure,":[14,65],"yet":[15,305],"predictors":[16],"of":[17,24,49,103,131,144,151,360,408],"successful":[18,178],"noninvasive":[19],"support":[20,395],"the":[22,47,104,134,163,212,288,363,409,419],"role":[23],"awake":[25,50,97,166,216,350],"prone":[26,51,98,167,217,351,423],"positioning":[27,52,99,168,218,352],"remain":[28],"incompletely":[29],"defined,":[30],"observational":[32],"analyses":[33,67,158,370],"are":[34],"vulnerable":[35],"to":[36,69,161,374,418,421],"immortal-time":[37],"bias.":[38,74],"We":[39],"evaluated":[40],"factors":[41],"associated":[42,189,220,272,390],"with":[43,53,60,89,96,141,190,221,273,391],"HFNC":[44,54,106,117,125,170,176,223,251,354],"success":[45,126],"association":[48,164,290],"outcomes":[55],"critically":[57],"ill":[58],"adults":[59,88],"COVID-19-associated":[61],"using":[66],"designed":[68],"reduce":[70],"time-related":[71],"indication-related":[73],"Materials":[75],"Methods:":[77],"In":[78,211,285],"this":[79],"retrospective,":[80],"single-center":[81],"intensive":[82],"care":[83],"unit":[84],"(ICU)":[85],"cohort":[86],"study,":[87],"virologically":[90],"confirmed":[91],"COVID-19":[92],"who":[93],"received":[94],"HFNC,":[95],"considered":[100],"as":[101,129],"part":[102],"initial":[105],"strategy,":[107],"between":[108,165],"April":[109],"2020":[110],"December":[112],"2021":[113],"were":[114,159,270,388],"followed":[115],"from":[116],"initiation":[118],"until":[119],"endotracheal":[120],"intubation":[121,132],"or":[122],"ICU":[123,136,205,386],"discharge.":[124],"was":[127,177,188,219,291,324,365],"defined":[128],"avoidance":[130],"during":[133,353,401],"index":[135],"stay.":[137],"Multivariable":[138],"logistic":[139],"regression":[140],"multiple":[142],"imputation":[143],"missing":[145],"covariates,":[146],"propensity":[147],"score-based":[148],"inverse":[149],"probability":[150],"treatment":[152],"weighting":[153],"(IPTW),":[154],"landmark":[156,302,322,375],"time-to-event":[157,286],"assess":[162],"failure.":[171,274,392],"Results:":[172],"Among":[173],"222":[174],"patients,":[175],"72":[180],"(32.4%)":[181],"unsuccessful":[183],"150":[185],"(67.6%).":[186],"Failure":[187],"lower":[191,222,264,357],"PaO2/FiO2":[192,265],"ratios,":[193],"higher":[194,198,236,250],"FiO2":[195,252],"requirements,":[196],"APACHE":[199,237],"II":[200,238],"SOFA":[202],"scores":[203],"at":[204,319,385],"admission":[206,387],"(all":[207],"p":[208,232,247,260,315,344],"\u2264":[209],"0.011).":[210],"imputed":[213],"multivariable":[214],"model,":[215],"failure":[224],"(odds":[225],"ratio":[226,266,309],"[OR]":[227],"0.23;":[228],"95%":[229,244,257,282,312,329,341],"CI":[230,245,258,283,313,330,342],"0.10\u20130.53;":[231],"<":[233,261],"0.001),":[234,262],"whereas":[235,377],"score":[239],"(OR":[240,253,280],"1.09":[241],"per":[242,255],"point;":[243],"1.02\u20131.17;":[246],"=":[248,268,316,345],"0.012),":[249],"1.41":[254],"10%;":[256],"1.15\u20131.73;":[259],"(p":[267],"0.037)":[269],"independently":[271,389],"IPTW":[275],"yielded":[276],"a":[277,300,320,356],"consistent":[278],"estimate":[279],"0.22;":[281],"0.10\u20130.47).":[284],"analyses,":[287],"unadjusted":[289,326],"strong":[292],"but":[293,332],"likely":[294],"influenced":[295],"by":[296],"early":[297],"deterioration;":[298],"after":[299,334],"day-1":[301],"it":[303,323],"attenuated":[304],"remained":[306],"significant":[307,333],"(hazard":[308],"[HR]":[310],"0.52;":[311],"0.34\u20130.79;":[314],"0.002),":[317],"day-2":[321],"non-significant":[325],"(HR":[327,339],"0.66;":[328],"0.39\u20131.11)":[331],"adjustment":[335],"for":[336],"illness":[337,379],"severity":[338,380],"0.47;":[340],"0.25\u20130.88;":[343],"0.019).":[346],"Conclusions:":[347],"Patients":[348],"undergoing":[349],"had":[355],"observed":[358],"incidence":[359],"intubation,":[361],"although":[362],"difference":[364],"more":[366,382],"modest":[367],"than":[368],"crude":[369],"suggested":[371],"sensitive":[373],"timing,":[376],"greater":[378],"severe":[383],"hypoxemia":[384],"These":[393],"findings":[394],"severity-informed":[396],"monitoring":[397],"timely":[399],"escalation":[400],"HFNC.":[402],"Causality":[403],"cannot":[404],"be":[405],"inferred":[406],"because":[407],"retrospective":[410],"design":[411],"residual":[413],"confounding,":[414],"particularly":[415],"confounding":[416],"related":[417],"ability":[420],"tolerate":[422],"positioning.":[424]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2026-10-15T00:00:00"}
