{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7221663554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11040984/v1","title":"Safety Incident Reporting in Chiropractic: A descriptive analysis of an active and passive system","display_name":"Safety Incident Reporting in Chiropractic: A descriptive analysis of an active and passive system","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7221663554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11040984/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11040984/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11040984/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11040984/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11040984/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11040984/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121522284","display_name":"Debbie S. Wright","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5992-8019","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5992-8019"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I288746156","display_name":"Parker University","ror":"https://ror.org/01s8vy398","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I288746156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Debbie S. Wright","raw_affiliation_strings":["Parker University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Parker University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I288746156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073095662","display_name":"Mark Thomas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9415-0469","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9415-0469"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28257850","display_name":"London South Bank University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vwnat91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28257850"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["London South Bank University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"London South Bank University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28257850"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080215991","display_name":"Martha Funabashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0292-8668","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0292-8668"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193365419","display_name":"Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College","ror":"https://ror.org/03jfagf20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193365419"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martha Funabashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193365419"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044277681","display_name":"Gabrielle Swait","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2870-3253","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2870-3253"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4394709164","display_name":"Royal College of Chiropractors","ror":"https://ror.org/020fnnz65","country_code":"GB","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4394709164"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabrielle Swait","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal College of Chiropractors"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal College of Chiropractors","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4394709164"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133471761","display_name":"Brianna Stander","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I288746156","display_name":"Parker University","ror":"https://ror.org/01s8vy398","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I288746156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brianna Stander","raw_affiliation_strings":["Parker University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Parker University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I288746156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158548903","display_name":"Cameron Borody","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193365419","display_name":"Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College","ror":"https://ror.org/03jfagf20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193365419"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cameron Borody","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193365419"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133470540","display_name":"Courtney Arnold","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I288746156","display_name":"Parker University","ror":"https://ror.org/01s8vy398","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I288746156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Courtney Arnold","raw_affiliation_strings":["Parker University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Parker University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I288746156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087868878","display_name":"Eric St-Onge","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193365419","display_name":"Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College","ror":"https://ror.org/03jfagf20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193365419"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric St-Onge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193365419"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079426162","display_name":"Sidney M. Rubinstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4819-994X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4819-994X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sidney M. Rubinstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067106858","display_name":"Katherine A. Pohlman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1536-112X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1536-112X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katherine A. Pohlman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5121522284"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I288746156"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10508","display_name":"Patient Safety and Medication Errors","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10508","display_name":"Patient Safety and Medication Errors","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11943","display_name":"Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3005","display_name":"Toxicology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12871","display_name":"Healthcare Quality and Management","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safety-incident-reporting","display_name":"safety incident reporting","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chiropractic","display_name":"chiropractic","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-safety","display_name":"patient safety","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safetynet","display_name":"SafetyNet","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anonymous-reporting","display_name":"anonymous reporting","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-and-family-involvement","display_name":"patient and family involvement","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incident-investigation","display_name":"incident investigation","score":0.4830000102519989}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909164965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6014597","display_name":"Incident report","level":2,"score":0.6421999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.5656999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779328685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475557","display_name":"Patient safety","level":3,"score":0.5236999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018587665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268696","display_name":"Qualitative analysis","level":3,"score":0.49300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C516994506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q658096","display_name":"Chiropractic","level":3,"score":0.46889999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.42730000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83849319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7295720","display_name":"Rating scale","level":2,"score":0.38839998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206713868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1674639","display_name":"Near miss","level":2,"score":0.35839998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180198813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121182","display_name":"Information system","level":2,"score":0.3571999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779707562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140525","display_name":"Critical Incident Technique","level":2,"score":0.35409998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.3418000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105002631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4833645","display_name":"Subject-matter expert","level":3,"score":0.33149999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.3231000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.31850001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.31290000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988118254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16881889","display_name":"Rating system","level":2,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132835097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7663745","display_name":"System safety","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187155963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629029","display_name":"Occupational safety and health","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11040984/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11040984/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11040984/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11040984/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11040984/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11040984/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11040984/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11040984/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9391000270843506}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309857","display_name":"NCMIC Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/01aazm409"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314516","display_name":"Royal College of Chiropractors","ror":"https://ror.org/020fnnz65"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320591","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332039","display_name":"Ontario Chiropractic Association","ror":"https://ror.org/001c8e416"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7221663554.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7221663554.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1419672874","https://openalex.org/W1662920717","https://openalex.org/W1976770755","https://openalex.org/W2018956349","https://openalex.org/W2024524056","https://openalex.org/W2025847053","https://openalex.org/W2082383896","https://openalex.org/W2103053178","https://openalex.org/W2122448523","https://openalex.org/W2142348093","https://openalex.org/W2147004334","https://openalex.org/W2330000496","https://openalex.org/W2331393505","https://openalex.org/W2475120410","https://openalex.org/W2793804723","https://openalex.org/W3025118430","https://openalex.org/W3082906569","https://openalex.org/W3104325437","https://openalex.org/W4248854933","https://openalex.org/W4285491654","https://openalex.org/W4321003536","https://openalex.org/W4372330415","https://openalex.org/W4396856958","https://openalex.org/W4401699233","https://openalex.org/W4415376544","https://openalex.org/W4416286841","https://openalex.org/W7136218591","https://openalex.org/W7165049806"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7153791543","https://openalex.org/W4321003536","https://openalex.org/W2634974","https://openalex.org/W1982733181","https://openalex.org/W2082383896","https://openalex.org/W2167772854","https://openalex.org/W6921032832","https://openalex.org/W2120710757","https://openalex.org/W7096869904","https://openalex.org/W2004077639"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Safety":[2,110],"incident":[3,91,96,249,251,254],"reporting":[4,92],"systems":[5,20,72,200],"support":[6],"learning":[7],"from":[8,54,115],"harm,":[9],"but":[10],"the":[11,76,81,103,119,146,158,172,177,179,204,214,217,272,292,298,303,318,323],"processes":[12],"and":[13,18,32,57,94,169,208,210,226,253,256,283,297,322],"information":[14],"outputs":[15],"of":[16,80,216,294],"active":[17],"passive":[19],"within":[21,224],"chiropractic":[22],"have":[23],"not":[24],"been":[25],"analyzed.":[26],"The":[27,279],"Chiropractic":[28],"Patient":[29,109,225],"Incident":[30],"Reporting":[31,144,149,167],"Learning":[33],"System":[34],"(CPiRLS)":[35],"is":[36,47],"a":[37,64,126,140,184],"passive,":[38],"provider-driven":[39],"system":[40,51,117,154,269,315],"using":[41,330],"voluntary,":[42],"anonymous":[43,197],"reporting,":[44],"while":[45],"SafetyNET":[46,163,284],"an":[48],"active,":[49],"research-embedded":[50],"collecting":[52],"reports":[53],"both":[55,211,331],"patients":[56],"practitioners.":[58],"Methods":[59],"A":[60],"framework":[61,87,160,306],"analysis":[62],"with":[63,157,195,246,302],"structured":[65],"expert":[66],"consensus":[67,142],"method":[68],"was":[69,122,270],"used.":[70],"Both":[71,199,229,239],"were":[73,100],"assessed":[74],"against":[75,102],"six":[77],"core":[78],"categories":[79],"World":[82],"Health":[83],"Organization":[84],"(WHO)":[85],"self-assessment":[86,305],"for":[88,108,148,186,261],"patient":[89],"safety":[90],"systems,":[93],"their":[95],"report":[97],"data":[98],"fields":[99],"mapped":[101],"WHO":[104,159,304],"Minimal":[105],"Information":[106],"Model":[107],"(MIM":[111],"PS).":[112],"One":[113],"leader":[114],"each":[116,135,295],"completed":[118],"assessment,":[120],"which":[121],"independently":[123],"verified":[124],"by":[125,139,329,334],"second":[127],"leader.":[128],"Four":[129],"panelists":[130],"without":[131],"system-leadership":[132],"roles":[133],"rated":[134],"item":[136,223],"independently,":[137],"followed":[138,145],"facilitated":[141],"meeting.":[143],"Standards":[147],"Qualitative":[150],"Research.":[151],"Results":[152],"Neither":[153,314],"aligned":[155],"fully":[156],"or":[161,264],"model.":[162],"scored":[164,190,201,212,230],"higher":[165,191],"on":[166,192,206,220,233],"Rules":[168],"Content,":[170],"including":[171],"largest":[173],"single":[174],"divergence":[175],"in":[176,203,248,287,291,312],"framework:":[178],"ability":[180],"to":[181,183,237,275],"return":[182],"reporter":[185],"further":[187],"information.":[188],"CPiRLS":[189,282],"Governance,":[193],"consistent":[194],"its":[196],"design.":[198],"comparably":[202],"mid-range":[205],"Analysis":[207],"Investigation,":[209],"at":[213],"bottom":[215],"rating":[218],"scale":[219],"nearly":[221],"every":[222],"Family":[227],"Engagement.":[228],"equally":[231],"low":[232],"providing":[234],"personalized":[235],"feedback":[236],"reporters.":[238],"met":[240],"most":[241],"Basic":[242],"MIM":[243],"PS":[244],"elements,":[245],"gaps":[247,320],"location,":[250],"type,":[252],"outcome,":[255],"neither":[257],"used":[258],"standardized":[259],"coding":[260],"suspected":[262],"cause":[263],"contributing":[265],"factors.":[266],"Where":[267],"one":[268],"strong,":[271],"other":[273],"tended":[274],"be":[276,326],"weaker.":[277],"Conclusions":[278],"differences":[280,286],"between":[281,336],"reflect":[285],"design":[288],"rather":[289],"than":[290,309,333],"quality":[293],"system,":[296],"two":[299],"together":[300],"align":[301],"more":[307],"completely":[308],"either":[310],"does":[311],"isolation.":[313],"can":[316],"close":[317],"shared":[319],"alone,":[321],"profession":[324],"would":[325],"better":[327],"served":[328],"approaches":[332],"choosing":[335],"them.":[337]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-10-14T00:00:00"}
