{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7221557772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16101479","title":"Artificial Intelligence-Driven Nanobody Engineering for Pathogen Recognition: From Functional Epitope Prioritization to Multimodal Foundation Models","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence-Driven Nanobody Engineering for Pathogen Recognition: From Functional Epitope Prioritization to Multimodal Foundation Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7221557772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16101479","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42939733","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13702580"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/biom16101479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16101479","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16101479","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210236520","display_name":"Biomolecules","issn_l":"2218-273X","issn":["2218-273X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomolecules","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16101479","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017132228","display_name":"Rui-Si Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0587-0542","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0587-0542"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086059","display_name":"Sichuan University of Arts and Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00erq7915","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086059"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui-Si Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innovation Team for Information Science and Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou 635000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0587-0542","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innovation Team for Information Science and Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou 635000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086059"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088929130","display_name":"Muhammad Ehsan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5314-5869","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5314-5869"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174731842","display_name":"Islamia University of Bahawalpur","ror":"https://ror.org/002rc4w13","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174731842"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ehsan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5314-5869","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174731842"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5144356397","display_name":"Wei Luo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086059","display_name":"Sichuan University of Arts and Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00erq7915","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086059"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innovation Team for Information Science and Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou 635000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innovation Team for Information Science and Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou 635000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086059"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5144449172","display_name":"Jian Zhou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086059","display_name":"Sichuan University of Arts and Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00erq7915","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086059"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innovation Team for Information Science and Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou 635000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innovation Team for Information Science and Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou 635000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086059"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034947691","display_name":"Yongle Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1022-2331","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1022-2331"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086059","display_name":"Sichuan University of Arts and Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00erq7915","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086059"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong-Le Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innovation Team for Information Science and Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou 635000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innovation Team for Information Science and Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou 635000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086059"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158421610","display_name":"He-Xin Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086059","display_name":"Sichuan University of Arts and Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00erq7915","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086059"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He-Xin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innovation Team for Information Science and Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou 635000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innovation Team for Information Science and Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou 635000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086059"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158534018","display_name":"Cheng-Yang Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086059","display_name":"Sichuan University of Arts and Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00erq7915","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086059"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng-Yang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innovation Team for Information Science and Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou 635000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innovation Team for Information Science and Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou 635000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086059"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101152279","display_name":"Kui Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5437-3371","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5437-3371"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50632499","display_name":"Chongqing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04vgbd477","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50632499"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kui Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50632499"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088929130","https://openalex.org/A5101152279"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174731842","https://openalex.org/I50632499"],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"apc_paid":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47637899,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"10","first_page":"1479","last_page":"1479"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11016","display_name":"Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research","score":0.9502000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11016","display_name":"Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research","score":0.9502000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12576","display_name":"vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches","score":0.04569999873638153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10044","display_name":"Protein Structure and Dynamics","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanobodies","display_name":"nanobodies","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathogen-recognition","display_name":"pathogen recognition","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developability","display_name":"developability","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recombinant-production","display_name":"recombinant production","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/humanization","display_name":"humanization","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-dynamics","display_name":"structural dynamics","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antigenic-variation","display_name":"antigenic variation","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodal-foundation-models","display_name":"multimodal foundation models","score":0.9789999723434448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.6779000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195616568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128711","display_name":"Epitope","level":3,"score":0.58160001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777615720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11888847","display_name":"Prioritization","level":2,"score":0.5612999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5246000289916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781241564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1347450","display_name":"Epitope mapping","level":4,"score":0.453000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4424000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.43650001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.4205999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.38839998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3637000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191942190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4774739","display_name":"Antigenic variation","level":3,"score":0.36149999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.34060001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3346000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147816474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169525","display_name":"Protein engineering","level":3,"score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66024118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122506","display_name":"Computational model","level":2,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2911029443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21296145","display_name":"Human proteins","level":3,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191120209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908902","display_name":"Structural biology","level":2,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147483822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103537","display_name":"Antigen","level":2,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000939","descriptor_name":"Epitopes","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000939","descriptor_name":"Epitopes","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008958","descriptor_name":"Models, Molecular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015202","descriptor_name":"Protein Engineering","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D061905","descriptor_name":"Single-Domain Antibodies","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D061905","descriptor_name":"Single-Domain Antibodies","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D061905","descriptor_name":"Single-Domain Antibodies","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/biom16101479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16101479","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16101479","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210236520","display_name":"Biomolecules","issn_l":"2218-273X","issn":["2218-273X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomolecules","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42939733","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42939733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomolecules","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13702580","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13702580/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomolecules","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:95b6c4b560f94f8aa83cf82eefcfeeeb","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/95b6c4b560f94f8aa83cf82eefcfeeeb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Biomolecules, Vol 16, Iss 10, p 1479 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/biom16101479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16101479","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16101479","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210236520","display_name":"Biomolecules","issn_l":"2218-273X","issn":["2218-273X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biomolecules","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8048999905586243,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9001173128","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2026NSFSC1448","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329861","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329861","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":153,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1542207885","https://openalex.org/W1964020301","https://openalex.org/W1971147414","https://openalex.org/W2020368956","https://openalex.org/W2020972820","https://openalex.org/W2037042031","https://openalex.org/W2039756775","https://openalex.org/W2051307188","https://openalex.org/W2076156471","https://openalex.org/W2083669011","https://openalex.org/W2095553811","https://openalex.org/W2097356092","https://openalex.org/W2117012297","https://openalex.org/W2130479394","https://openalex.org/W2150444353","https://openalex.org/W2160378127","https://openalex.org/W2169610187","https://openalex.org/W2253581743","https://openalex.org/W2376573086","https://openalex.org/W2472351724","https://openalex.org/W2531520184","https://openalex.org/W2562771391","https://openalex.org/W2572080171","https://openalex.org/W2578029714","https://openalex.org/W2615136515","https://openalex.org/W2676284908","https://openalex.org/W2765825512","https://openalex.org/W2767358466","https://openalex.org/W2791033016","https://openalex.org/W2791721988","https://openalex.org/W2884557428","https://openalex.org/W2898721059","https://openalex.org/W2901953282","https://openalex.org/W2910675313","https://openalex.org/W2913847447","https://openalex.org/W2914298720","https://openalex.org/W2920817727","https://openalex.org/W2944245644","https://openalex.org/W2950954328","https://openalex.org/W2953176058","https://openalex.org/W2974982237","https://openalex.org/W3014709998","https://openalex.org/W3015574295","https://openalex.org/W3041222256","https://openalex.org/W3048515223","https://openalex.org/W3049166744","https://openalex.org/W3083406432","https://openalex.org/W3089891425","https://openalex.org/W3096751000","https://openalex.org/W3119147846","https://openalex.org/W3123934659","https://openalex.org/W3135330625","https://openalex.org/W3146944767","https://openalex.org/W3165479483","https://openalex.org/W3177500196","https://openalex.org/W3177828909","https://openalex.org/W3186088892","https://openalex.org/W3186179742","https://openalex.org/W3204529400","https://openalex.org/W3207204660","https://openalex.org/W3211795435","https://openalex.org/W3214417031","https://openalex.org/W3217240477","https://openalex.org/W4205192056","https://openalex.org/W4205711986","https://openalex.org/W4205773061","https://openalex.org/W4206709073","https://openalex.org/W4214609822","https://openalex.org/W4214915423","https://openalex.org/W4220869835","https://openalex.org/W4223551334","https://openalex.org/W4225321559","https://openalex.org/W4255594044","https://openalex.org/W4281683189","https://openalex.org/W4281790889","https://openalex.org/W4283068487","https://openalex.org/W4284883781","https://openalex.org/W4296032638","https://openalex.org/W4308616064","https://openalex.org/W4308773001","https://openalex.org/W4309219084","https://openalex.org/W4309908854","https://openalex.org/W4311218943","https://openalex.org/W4311742327","https://openalex.org/W4313706615","https://openalex.org/W4321163523","https://openalex.org/W4327550249","https://openalex.org/W4353090737","https://openalex.org/W4365135058","https://openalex.org/W4366998330","https://openalex.org/W4378516410","https://openalex.org/W4378714914","https://openalex.org/W4381736315","https://openalex.org/W4383499665","https://openalex.org/W4383957026","https://openalex.org/W4387164156","https://openalex.org/W4387745032","https://openalex.org/W4388020856","https://openalex.org/W4388024559","https://openalex.org/W4390618422","https://openalex.org/W4390649554","https://openalex.org/W4390880595","https://openalex.org/W4391432181","https://openalex.org/W4391648610","https://openalex.org/W4392553889","https://openalex.org/W4392563999","https://openalex.org/W4392618100","https://openalex.org/W4392895835","https://openalex.org/W4392921819","https://openalex.org/W4393156870","https://openalex.org/W4396721167","https://openalex.org/W4399731408","https://openalex.org/W4399869197","https://openalex.org/W4401038269","https://openalex.org/W4402054604","https://openalex.org/W4402718416","https://openalex.org/W4402967140","https://openalex.org/W4403059687","https://openalex.org/W4403307764","https://openalex.org/W4403466735","https://openalex.org/W4403784265","https://openalex.org/W4403800888","https://openalex.org/W4405079398","https://openalex.org/W4406221636","https://openalex.org/W4407167422","https://openalex.org/W4408763951","https://openalex.org/W4409908646","https://openalex.org/W4410359893","https://openalex.org/W4411011216","https://openalex.org/W4411731716","https://openalex.org/W4412396047","https://openalex.org/W4412736128","https://openalex.org/W4413043632","https://openalex.org/W4413381313","https://openalex.org/W4413621217","https://openalex.org/W4415711019","https://openalex.org/W4415779392","https://openalex.org/W4415929062","https://openalex.org/W4416329770","https://openalex.org/W4417210096","https://openalex.org/W7123362149","https://openalex.org/W7125789316","https://openalex.org/W7125972723","https://openalex.org/W7126021570","https://openalex.org/W7126454657","https://openalex.org/W7130845052","https://openalex.org/W7133207492","https://openalex.org/W7133208181","https://openalex.org/W7155492570","https://openalex.org/W7162506733","https://openalex.org/W7163365238","https://openalex.org/W7163871490","https://openalex.org/W7165477200"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7163404082","https://openalex.org/W4308584017","https://openalex.org/W4410359893","https://openalex.org/W4413779250","https://openalex.org/W4412736128","https://openalex.org/W7160023371","https://openalex.org/W4399869197","https://openalex.org/W4413043632","https://openalex.org/W7222629583","https://openalex.org/W7214128154"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nanobodies":[0],"are":[1,26],"compact":[2],"and":[3,22,62,71,97,108,122,152],"stable":[4],"proteins":[5],"derived":[6],"from":[7,30,128],"the":[8,77,84,91,126,147],"variable":[9,51],"domain":[10],"of":[11,79,94,149],"camelid":[12],"heavy-chain-only":[13],"antibodies":[14],"(VHH).":[15],"Advances":[16],"in":[17],"structural":[18,92,120],"biology,":[19],"molecular":[20],"modeling,":[21],"artificial":[23],"intelligence":[24],"(AI)":[25],"shifting":[27],"VHH":[28,60,95],"discovery":[29],"empirical":[31],"selection":[32],"toward":[33],"data-driven":[34],"design.":[35],"However,":[36],"predicted":[37,129],"binding":[38],"alone":[39],"does":[40],"not":[41],"ensure":[42],"biological":[43],"activity":[44],"or":[45],"successful":[46],"translation,":[47],"particularly":[48],"for":[49],"antigenically":[50],"pathogens.":[52],"Complementing":[53],"recent":[54],"reviews":[55],"that":[56],"broadly":[57],"survey":[58],"computational":[59],"modeling":[61],"optimization,":[63],"this":[64],"review":[65],"focuses":[66],"on":[67],"how":[68,114,137],"antigen":[69],"biology":[70],"functional":[72,132],"epitope":[73],"prioritization":[74],"can":[75],"guide":[76],"design":[78,148],"pathogen-targeting":[80],"VHHs.":[81,133,154],"We":[82,111],"organize":[83],"field":[85],"along":[86],"a":[87],"structure-function-translation":[88],"continuum,":[89],"connecting":[90],"basis":[93],"recognition":[96],"available":[98],"data":[99],"resources":[100],"with":[101],"conventional":[102],"discovery,":[103],"antigen-guided":[104],"de":[105],"novo":[106],"design,":[107],"sequence-structure":[109],"learning.":[110],"further":[112],"examine":[113],"developability,":[115],"recombinant":[116],"production,":[117],"multispecificity,":[118],"humanization,":[119],"dynamics,":[121],"antigenic":[123],"variation":[124],"shape":[125],"progression":[127],"binders":[130],"to":[131,145],"Finally,":[134],"we":[135],"discuss":[136],"multimodal":[138],"foundation":[139],"models":[140],"could":[141],"integrate":[142],"these":[143],"dimensions":[144],"support":[146],"functional,":[150],"manufacturable,":[151],"escape-resilient":[153]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2026-10-13T00:00:00"}
