{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7221551663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202610.0753.v1","title":"Testosterone-Based Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy, Menopause, and Menopause Hormone Therapy: Implications for Reproductive Tract Immunity and Viral Pathogenesis","display_name":"Testosterone-Based Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy, Menopause, and Menopause Hormone Therapy: Implications for Reproductive Tract Immunity and Viral Pathogenesis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7221551663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202610.0753.v1"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202610.0753.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202610.0753.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202610.0753.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202610.0753.v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061233003","display_name":"Bokani Nleya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0103-7230","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0103-7230"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bokani Nleya","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0103-7230","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000517382","display_name":"Ferdinand K. Amanor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2455-3606","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2455-3606"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ferdinand K Amanor","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059159168","display_name":"John C. Kappes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7586-2815","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7586-2815"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John C. Kappes","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028344925","display_name":"Christina Ochsenbauer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1166-5879","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1166-5879"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christina Ochsenbauer","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061233003"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10428","display_name":"Reproductive tract infections research","score":0.2849000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2404","display_name":"Microbiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10428","display_name":"Reproductive tract infections research","score":0.2849000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2404","display_name":"Microbiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10756","display_name":"Estrogen and related hormone effects","score":0.1509000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10694","display_name":"Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments","score":0.09749999642372131,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testosterone","display_name":"testosterone","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-affirming-hormone-therapy","display_name":"gender-affirming hormone therapy","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/menopause","display_name":"menopause","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hormone-replacement-therapy","display_name":"hormone replacement therapy","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reproductive-tract-immunity","display_name":"reproductive tract immunity","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-pathogenesis","display_name":"viral pathogenesis","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-1","display_name":"HIV-1","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-papillomavirus","display_name":"human papillomavirus","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hsv","display_name":"HSV","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmv","display_name":"CMV","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reproductive-tract-microbiome","display_name":"reproductive tract microbiome","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/androgen-exposure","display_name":"androgen exposure","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trans-men","display_name":"transgender men","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/menopausal-women","display_name":"menopausal women","score":0.5569999814033508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71315377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11364","display_name":"Hormone","level":2,"score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.5881999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5569000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779341262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182581","display_name":"Immunity","level":3,"score":0.5232999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.5131000280380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42407357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521","display_name":"Physiology","level":1,"score":0.4869000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992003382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7895","display_name":"Reproductive tract","level":2,"score":0.48159998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562196","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177708","display_name":"Menopause","level":2,"score":0.4715000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777911890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62614","display_name":"Androgen","level":3,"score":0.45080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780942790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372016","display_name":"Pathogenesis","level":2,"score":0.44839999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779279991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6058681","display_name":"Testosterone (patch)","level":2,"score":0.4072999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2911058409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844342","display_name":"Female Reproductive Tract","level":3,"score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143121216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330402","display_name":"Microbiome","level":2,"score":0.33709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777164284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277954","display_name":"Estrogen","level":2,"score":0.32690000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780275930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1628266","display_name":"Hormone therapy","level":4,"score":0.3249000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518429986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q964401","display_name":"Fertility","level":3,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30092816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419613","display_name":"Sex hormone-binding globulin","level":4,"score":0.29339998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140933497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7933606","display_name":"Viral pathogenesis","level":4,"score":0.29269999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202610.0753.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202610.0753.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202610.0753.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202610.0753.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202610.0753.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202610.0753.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sex":[0],"hormones":[1],"shape":[2],"reproductive":[3,40,88,99,108,152],"tract":[4,89,100,109],"immunity":[5,20],"and":[6,25,57,83,103,111,122,128,145,151],"influence":[7,87],"host":[8],"defense":[9],"against":[10],"viral":[11,141],"infection.":[12],"However,":[13],"much":[14],"of":[15,18,35,124],"our":[16],"understanding":[17],"hormone-mediated":[19],"derives":[21],"from":[22],"cisgender":[23],"populations":[24,70],"systemic":[26],"studies.":[27],"Comparatively":[28],"less":[29],"is":[30,44],"known":[31],"about":[32],"the":[33,107,118],"effects":[34],"sustained":[36,77],"hormonal":[37,150],"change":[38],"within":[39],"tissues.":[41],"This":[42],"gap":[43],"particularly":[45],"relevant":[46],"to":[47,58],"transgender":[48],"men":[49],"(TGM)":[50],"taking":[51],"testosterone-based":[52],"gender-affirming":[53],"hormone":[54,63,81,85],"therapy":[55,64],"(GAHT)":[56],"menopausal":[59],"women":[60],"using":[61],"menopause":[62],"(MHT).":[65],"Although":[66],"biologically":[67],"distinct,":[68],"these":[69,131],"provide":[71],"complementary":[72],"contexts":[73],"for":[74,117],"examining":[75],"how":[76],"androgen":[78],"exposure,":[79],"ovarian":[80],"decline,":[82],"therapeutic":[84],"use":[86],"immunity.":[90],"In":[91],"this":[92],"review,":[93],"we":[94],"examine":[95],"hormone-associated":[96],"changes":[97],"in":[98,140],"epithelial,":[101],"stromal,":[102],"immune":[104],"cells":[105],"including":[106],"microbiome":[110],"virome.":[112],"We":[113],"consider":[114],"their":[115],"implications":[116],"acquisition,":[119],"replication,":[120],"persistence":[121],"pathogenesis":[123],"HIV-1,":[125],"HPV,":[126],"HSV":[127],"CMV.":[129],"Understanding":[130],"tissue":[132],"specific,":[133],"hormone-immune-virus":[134],"interactions":[135],"may":[136],"help":[137],"identify":[138],"gaps":[139],"prevention,":[142],"screening,":[143],"vaccination,":[144],"treatment":[146],"efforts":[147],"across":[148],"diverse":[149],"contexts.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2026-10-13T00:00:00"}