{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7221531945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15207857","title":"Behavioral Smartphone Orientation Is Associated with Upper Limb Dysfunction Among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study","display_name":"Behavioral Smartphone Orientation Is Associated with Upper Limb Dysfunction Among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7221531945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15207857","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42941372","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13706254"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcm15207857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15207857","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15207857","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737969411","display_name":"Journal of Clinical Medicine","issn_l":"2077-0383","issn":["2077-0383"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Clinical Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15207857","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119769671","display_name":"Iga Szukalska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3449-8705","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3449-8705"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79833322","display_name":"Pomeranian Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v1rak05","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79833322"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Iga Szukalska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bromatology and Nutritional Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3449-8705","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bromatology and Nutritional Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79833322"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081636541","display_name":"Agnieszka Kempi\u0144ska\u2010Podhorodecka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7513-8640","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7513-8640"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79833322","display_name":"Pomeranian Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v1rak05","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79833322"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Agnieszka Kempinska-Podhorodecka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Functional Anatomy, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7513-8640","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Functional Anatomy, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79833322"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019909594","display_name":"Ma\u0142gorzata Szczuko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9808-0624","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9808-0624"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79833322","display_name":"Pomeranian Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v1rak05","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79833322"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ma\u0142gorzata Szczuko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bromatology and Nutritional Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9808-0624","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bromatology and Nutritional Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79833322"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019909594","https://openalex.org/A5119769671"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79833322"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7700735,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"20","first_page":"7857","last_page":"7857"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12006","display_name":"Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12006","display_name":"Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13866","display_name":"Occupational health in dentistry","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3500","display_name":"General Dentistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10630","display_name":"Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smartphone-use","display_name":"smartphone use","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-limb-impairment","display_name":"upper limb impairment","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handgrip-strength","display_name":"grip strength","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/musculoskeletal-disorders","display_name":"musculoskeletal disorders","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-students","display_name":"university students","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finkelstein-test","display_name":"Finkelstein test","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quickdash","display_name":"QuickDASH","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pain-intensity","display_name":"pain intensity","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/young-adults","display_name":"young adults","score":0.5690000057220459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9031000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776660947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841423","display_name":"Upper limb","level":2,"score":0.6722000241279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.6654999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777433710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5609571","display_name":"Grip strength","level":2,"score":0.6486999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.5726000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60729714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q476130","display_name":"Finkelstein's test","level":2,"score":0.5645999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.5412999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83849319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7295720","display_name":"Rating scale","level":2,"score":0.5026999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65409693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425265","display_name":"Statistical significance","level":2,"score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776255841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5647202","display_name":"Hand strength","level":3,"score":0.3856000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101601086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3753228","display_name":"Rank correlation","level":2,"score":0.3709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.36880001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.36649999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989316616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6027402","display_name":"Lower limb","level":2,"score":0.3495999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93038891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061524","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102959455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7313954","display_name":"Repeated measures design","level":2,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018023364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425265","display_name":"Significant difference","level":2,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79544238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423243","display_name":"Activities of daily living","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcm15207857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15207857","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15207857","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737969411","display_name":"Journal of Clinical Medicine","issn_l":"2077-0383","issn":["2077-0383"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Clinical Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13706254","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13706254/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13706254/pdf/jcm-15-07857.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Clin Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42941372","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42941372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of clinical medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jcm15207857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15207857","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15207857","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737969411","display_name":"Journal of Clinical Medicine","issn_l":"2077-0383","issn":["2077-0383"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Clinical Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7221531945.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7221531945.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2139898014","https://openalex.org/W2300624573","https://openalex.org/W2955892127","https://openalex.org/W3011128930","https://openalex.org/W3161048375","https://openalex.org/W3170805076","https://openalex.org/W4280578059","https://openalex.org/W4283267323","https://openalex.org/W4310204368","https://openalex.org/W4321365757","https://openalex.org/W4385757924","https://openalex.org/W4388731883","https://openalex.org/W4390411628","https://openalex.org/W4394869575","https://openalex.org/W4403131480","https://openalex.org/W4406530290","https://openalex.org/W4410699365","https://openalex.org/W4412200883","https://openalex.org/W4416756682","https://openalex.org/W7129472170"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7166028575","https://openalex.org/W4324021009","https://openalex.org/W4292518953","https://openalex.org/W3170422488","https://openalex.org/W7131849654","https://openalex.org/W4384028579","https://openalex.org/W4321365757","https://openalex.org/W4394869575","https://openalex.org/W2754569702","https://openalex.org/W2792726137"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Excessive":[1],"smartphone":[2,14,35,94,291],"use":[3],"has":[4],"been":[5],"associated":[6,38,174,212,238,268],"with":[7,39,74,161,175,213,228,239,265,269],"musculoskeletal":[8,51],"disorders;":[9],"however,":[10],"the":[11,86,101,105,112,132,136,153,158,229,255],"relationship":[12,154],"between":[13,155],"orientation":[15,36,274],"and":[16,47,57,69,104,128,178,185,194,243,246],"objective":[17],"measures":[18],"of":[19,28,50,77,107,283],"upper":[20,40,270,285],"limb":[21,41,271,286],"function":[22],"remains":[23],"insufficiently":[24],"explored.":[25],"The":[26,59],"aim":[27],"this":[29],"study":[30,60,84,159],"was":[31,98,109,149,210,237],"to":[32,91,151],"determine":[33],"whether":[34],"is":[37],"disability,":[42],"grip":[43,121,180,241],"strength,":[44],"pain":[45,108],"intensity":[46,106],"clinical":[48,129],"signs":[49],"dysfunction":[52,287],"in":[53],"university":[54],"students.":[55],"Materials":[56],"methods:":[58],"involved":[61],"84":[62],"students":[63],"including":[64],"women":[65],"(n":[66,71],"=":[67,72,183,190,202,206,220,224],"74)":[68],"men":[70],"10),":[73],"an":[75,125],"age":[76],"21":[78],"\u00b1":[79],"2.6":[80],"years.":[81],"This":[82],"cross-sectional":[83],"utilized":[85],"Smartphone":[87,256,273],"Orientation":[88,257],"Scale":[89,115,258],"(SOS)":[90],"assess":[92,152],"behavioral":[93,266,281],"orientation.":[95],"Functional":[96],"disability":[97,197],"assessed":[99],"using":[100,111,131,254],"QuickDASH":[102,200,247],"questionnaire":[103],"measured":[110,198],"Numeric":[113],"Rating":[114],"(NRS).":[116],"Objective":[117],"assessments":[118],"included":[119],"hand":[120],"strength":[122,181,242],"measurements":[123],"via":[124],"electronic":[126],"dynamometer":[127],"evaluation":[130],"Finkelstein":[133,217,231],"test.":[134,232],"Because":[135],"analyzed":[137],"variables":[138,156],"did":[139],"not":[140,227],"follow":[141],"a":[142,214,277],"normal":[143],"distribution,":[144],"Spearman\u2019s":[145],"rank":[146],"correlation":[147],"analysis":[148],"performed":[150],"across":[157],"group":[160],"statistical":[162],"significance":[163],"set":[164],"at":[165],"p":[166,189,205,223],"<":[167],"0.05.":[168],"Results:":[169],"Higher":[170],"SOS":[171,208,245],"scores":[172,248],"were":[173],"lower":[176,240],"left-":[177],"right-hand":[179],"(\u03c1":[182,201,219],"\u22120.391":[184],"\u22120.395,":[186],"respectively;":[187],"Holm-adjusted":[188,204,222],"0.001":[191],"for":[192],"both)":[193],"greater":[195],"upper-limb":[196],"by":[199],"0.387;":[203],"0.001).":[207],"score":[209],"also":[211],"positive":[215],"right":[216],"test":[218],"0.294;":[221],"0.020),":[225],"but":[226],"left":[230],"Longer":[233],"daily":[234,290],"smartphone-use":[235],"duration":[236],"higher":[244],"after":[249],"Holm":[250],"correction.":[251],"Conclusions:":[252],"Screening":[253],"may":[259,275],"help":[260],"identify":[261],"young":[262],"adults":[263],"presenting":[264],"patterns":[267],"dysfunction.":[272],"represent":[276],"more":[278],"clinically":[279],"relevant":[280],"marker":[282],"early":[284],"than":[288],"self-reported":[289],"use.":[292]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-13T00:00:00"}
