{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7221521982","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.09.757775","title":"FLEX-DBS: a flexible wireless platform for bilateral constant-current deep brain stimulation in freely moving rodents","display_name":"FLEX-DBS: a flexible wireless platform for bilateral constant-current deep brain stimulation in freely moving rodents","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7221521982","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.09.757775","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42999172","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13742512"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.09.757775","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.09.757775","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.09.757775","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/12/2026.10.09.757775.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/12/2026.10.09.757775.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018312737","display_name":"Robert Graham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9795-4614","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9795-4614"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert D. Graham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9795-4614","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158487005","display_name":"Meaghan Claire Creed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meaghan C. Creed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008200365","display_name":"Matt Gaidica","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0191-1899","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0191-1899"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matt Gaidica","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0191-1899","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008200365"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10919","display_name":"Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10919","display_name":"Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.014999999664723873,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12580","display_name":"Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-brain-stimulation","display_name":"deep brain stimulation","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilateral-stimulation","display_name":"bilateral stimulation","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant-current-stimulation","display_name":"constant current stimulation","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zinc-air-batteries","display_name":"zinc-air batteries","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth-low-energy","display_name":"Bluetooth Low Energy","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/platinum-electrode","display_name":"platinum electrode","score":0.4880000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cingulate-cortex","display_name":"cingulate cortex","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immobility","display_name":"immobility","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/freely-moving-rodents","display_name":"freely moving rodents","score":0.42899999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mice","display_name":"mice","score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rats","display_name":"rats","score":0.9340000152587891}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67212190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104851","display_name":"Firmware","level":2,"score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24998067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4114622","display_name":"Stimulation","level":2,"score":0.6870999932289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.5892000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780167933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550652","display_name":"Pulse (music)","level":3,"score":0.5848000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778542668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618076","display_name":"Deep brain stimulation","level":4,"score":0.5321999788284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4433000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.4307999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985799443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4955838","display_name":"Brain stimulation","level":3,"score":0.43050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.4180999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4052000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.39410001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51319974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3509564","display_name":"Pulse generator","level":3,"score":0.3828999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.3750999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.36559998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64948172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1653277","display_name":"Brain stimulation reward","level":4,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.31949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90201813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202957","display_name":"Schmitt trigger","level":3,"score":0.3091000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.2906999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177825189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5357702","display_name":"Electrical brain stimulation","level":3,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30403606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2981904","display_name":"Electromagnetic coil","level":2,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20518276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186130","display_name":"Pulse-amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.2517000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92746544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585184","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","level":3,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.09.757775","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.09.757775","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.09.757775","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/12/2026.10.09.757775.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:42999172","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42999172","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.09.757775","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.09.757775","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.09.757775","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/10/12/2026.10.09.757775.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.504800021648407,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332884","display_name":"McDonnell Center for Systems Neuroscience","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7221521982.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7221521982.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972709730","https://openalex.org/W1991125957","https://openalex.org/W1998858337","https://openalex.org/W2003617535","https://openalex.org/W2008123743","https://openalex.org/W2017135314","https://openalex.org/W2017694513","https://openalex.org/W2028144985","https://openalex.org/W2031565930","https://openalex.org/W2058020736","https://openalex.org/W2061098976","https://openalex.org/W2128461556","https://openalex.org/W2153787766","https://openalex.org/W2735746695","https://openalex.org/W2742208182","https://openalex.org/W2793435241","https://openalex.org/W2804864064","https://openalex.org/W2899216653","https://openalex.org/W2912123407","https://openalex.org/W2941749318","https://openalex.org/W2951842640","https://openalex.org/W2969304538","https://openalex.org/W2971702643","https://openalex.org/W3045420312","https://openalex.org/W3106128567","https://openalex.org/W3107060429","https://openalex.org/W3164106403","https://openalex.org/W3195183892","https://openalex.org/W3195306408","https://openalex.org/W3201459899","https://openalex.org/W4213452350","https://openalex.org/W4401583024","https://openalex.org/W4413160479","https://openalex.org/W7118162344","https://openalex.org/W7156138940"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3195183892","https://openalex.org/W4200184682","https://openalex.org/W2182072240","https://openalex.org/W2968923417","https://openalex.org/W2017135314","https://openalex.org/W3201459899","https://openalex.org/W2476137216","https://openalex.org/W2073118725","https://openalex.org/W2061098976","https://openalex.org/W4200422011"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Preclinical":[1],"deep":[2],"brain":[3],"stimulation":[4,42,72,103,140,196,210,345,358,403,483,489,502],"(DBS)":[5],"in":[6,89,122,190,238,261,325,331,350,421,434,469,485,514],"rodents":[7],"is":[8,19,63,428],"central":[9],"to":[10,166,318,341],"understanding":[11],"how":[12],"DBS":[13,18,432],"works,":[14],"but":[15,390],"most":[16],"rodent":[17,380],"delivered":[20,152,310,509],"through":[21,503],"a":[22,64,147,204,218,320,361,451],"tether,":[23],"which":[24,131,435],"constrains":[25],"behavior,":[26],"home-cage":[27],"experiments":[28,433],"and":[29,48,85,91,102,124,161,192,354,406,409,441,508],"uninterrupted":[30],"stimulation.":[31,471],"Most":[32],"long-runtime":[33],"wireless":[34,379,397],"mouse":[35],"stimulators":[36,381],"achieve":[37],"their":[38],"runtimes":[39],"by":[40,134,256],"setting":[41,160],"parameters":[43,436],"before":[44,467],"or":[45],"around":[46],"implantation":[47],"operating":[49],"from":[50,73,94,164,336,369],"supplies":[51],"of":[52,181,200,208,213,221,224,251,267,293,387,418,455],"about":[53,178],"3":[54],"V.":[55],"New":[56],"method:":[57],"FLEX-DBS":[58,312,412,427],"(Flexible":[59],"Deep":[60],"Brain":[61],"Stimulation)":[62],"head-mounted,":[65],"battery-powered":[66],"stimulator":[67],"that":[68,399],"delivers":[69],"bilateral":[70,393],"constant-current":[71,394],"improved":[74,464],"Howland":[75],"current":[76,153,186,243,282,299,510],"pumps":[77],"on":[78,126],"\u00b15":[79],"V":[80],"rails.":[81],"Amplitude,":[82],"pulse":[83,165,229],"width":[84],"frequency":[86],"are":[87,132],"programmable":[88,478],"continuous":[90,209,408,456],"burst":[92,410],"modes":[93],"an":[95,169,332],"iOS":[96],"application":[97],"over":[98,270],"Bluetooth":[99],"Low":[100],"Energy,":[101],"continues":[104,400],"autonomously":[105],"after":[106,357,404],"the":[107,137,143,158,182,225,237,252,279,289,294,351,377,416,444,477,481],"phone":[108],"disconnects.":[109],"The":[110,472],"device":[111],"measures":[112],"19.5":[113],"\u00d7":[114,116],"22.5":[115],"8.72":[117],"mm,":[118],"weighs":[119],"3.71":[120],"g":[121],"operation":[123,457],"runs":[125],"two":[127],"size-13":[128],"zinc-air":[129],"cells,":[130],"exchanged":[133],"briefly":[135],"detaching":[136],"device,":[138],"pausing":[139],"only":[141],"for":[142,304,430],"exchange.":[144],"Results:":[145],"Into":[146,233],"1":[148,231],"k\u03a9":[149,269,274],"bench":[150],"load,":[151,474],"increased":[154,497],"approximately":[155],"linearly":[156],"with":[157,168,373,496,500],"amplitude":[159,198,315,484,492],"was":[162,187,244,494],"repeatable":[163],"pulse,":[167],"asymmetric":[170],"biphasic":[171],"waveform":[172],"whose":[173],"recovery":[174],"phase":[175],"ran":[176],"at":[177,197,246,288,301,313,339,415,443,490],"one":[179],"fifth":[180],"stimulating":[183,242],"amplitude.":[184],"Battery":[185],"1.47-1.89":[188],"mA":[189,194],"standby":[191],"3.15-3.42":[193],"during":[195,344],"settings":[199,316,493],"60-400":[201],"\u00b5A,":[202],"giving":[203],"projected":[205,452],"three":[206,262,453],"days":[207,422,454],"per":[211,228,458],"pair":[212],"cells.":[214],"Firmware":[215],"v0.5":[216,462],"left":[217],"net":[219],"charge":[220,227,465],"26-35":[222],"%":[223,303,338,343,348],"stimulating-phase":[226],"into":[230],"k\u03a9.":[232],"47":[234],"k\u03a9,":[235],"within":[236],"vivo":[239,470],"load":[240,254],"range,":[241,479],"compliance-limited":[245],"93":[247],"\u00b5A.":[248],"Pulse-derived":[249],"estimates":[250],"effective":[253,501],"presented":[255],"five":[257],"implanted":[258,504],"platinum":[259],"electrodes":[260],"mice":[263],"had":[264],"weekly":[265,290],"means":[266],"43-54":[268],"eight":[271],"weeks":[272],"(32-80":[273],"across":[275],"individual":[276],"sessions),":[277],"placing":[278],"maximum":[280],"regulated":[281],"near":[283],"90":[284],"\u00b5A":[285,287],"(81-101":[286],"means).":[291],"Analysis":[292],"current-pump":[295],"network":[296],"bounds":[297],"load-dependent":[298],"error":[300],"3-8":[302],"these":[305,388,515],"loads.":[306],"In":[307,487],"vivo,":[308,488],"we":[309],"cingulate":[311],"high":[314,491],"intended":[317],"evoke":[319],"robust":[321],"stimulation-associated":[322],"behavioral":[323],"phenotype":[324],"six":[326],"mice.":[327,516],"Time":[328],"spent":[329],"immobile":[330],"open":[333],"field":[334],"rose":[335],"46.5":[337],"baseline":[340],"75.7":[342],"(a":[346],"62.7":[347],"increase":[349,365],"group":[352],"mean)":[353],"remained":[355],"elevated":[356],"ended;":[359],"without":[360],"sham":[362],"control,":[363],"this":[364],"cannot":[366],"be":[367,438],"separated":[368],"within-session":[370],"habituation.":[371],"Comparison":[372],"existing":[374],"methods:":[375],"Among":[376],"published":[378],"compared":[382],"here,":[383],"several":[384],"offer":[385],"some":[386],"capabilities,":[389],"none":[391],"combines":[392],"output,":[395],"real-time":[396],"control":[398],"as":[401],"autonomous":[402],"disconnect,":[405],"both":[407],"modes;":[411],"does":[413],"so":[414],"cost":[417],"runtime":[419],"measured":[420,447,513],"rather":[423,475],"than":[424,476],"weeks.":[425],"Conclusions:":[426],"designed":[429],"untethered":[431],"must":[437],"set,":[439],"changed":[440],"verified":[442],"cage.":[445],"Its":[446],"power":[448],"consumption":[449],"permits":[450],"cell":[459],"pair;":[460],"firmware":[461],"requires":[463],"balancing":[466],"prolonged":[468],"electrode":[473,506],"sets":[480],"usable":[482],"vivo.":[486],"associated":[495],"immobility,":[498],"consistent":[499],"electrodes;":[505],"impedance":[507],"were":[511],"not":[512]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-10-13T00:00:00"}