{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7221508461","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31203617","title":"From Algorithm Performance to Laboratory Deployment: A Critical Review of Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Chemistry","display_name":"From Algorithm Performance to Laboratory Deployment: A Critical Review of Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Chemistry","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7221508461","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31203617","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42943689","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13707439"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/molecules31203617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31203617","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31203617","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108911230","display_name":"Molecules","issn_l":"1420-3049","issn":["1420-3049","1433-1373"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecules","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31203617","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066255123","display_name":"Abdelraheem A. Bani Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1969-6311","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1969-6311"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31079310","display_name":"Al al-Bayt University","ror":"https://ror.org/028jh2126","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31079310"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdelraheem Baniahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq 25113, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1969-6311","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq 25113, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31079310"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051243824","display_name":"Sulieman Bani\u2010Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4064-9405","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4064-9405"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33926330","display_name":"Al-Balqa Applied University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qedmt22","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33926330"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sulieman Bani-Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Systems, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence, Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt 19117, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4064-9405","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Systems, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence, Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt 19117, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33926330"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066255123"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31079310"],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"apc_paid":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60583942,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"20","first_page":"3617","last_page":"3617"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11314","display_name":"Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control","score":0.5077999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3607","display_name":"Medical Laboratory Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11314","display_name":"Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control","score":0.5077999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3607","display_name":"Medical Laboratory Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.4867999851703644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-chemistry","display_name":"clinical chemistry","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laboratory-automation","display_name":"laboratory automation","score":0.515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-utilization","display_name":"test utilization","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-handling","display_name":"sample handling","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biosensors","display_name":"biosensors","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/result-verification","display_name":"result verification","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laboratory-report-interpretation","display_name":"laboratory report interpretation","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-validation","display_name":"model validation","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/external-validation","display_name":"external validation","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-transferability","display_name":"model transferability","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoperability","display_name":"interoperability","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-assurance","display_name":"quality assurance","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-monitoring","display_name":"performance monitoring","score":0.8809999823570251}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6568999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61272859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834031","display_name":"Transferability","level":3,"score":0.5705000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5558000206947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5221999883651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.49779999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4713999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.41119998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020000205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2412849","display_name":"Narrative review","level":2,"score":0.38850000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3756999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.34779998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.33889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44519122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2296168","display_name":"Medical laboratory","level":2,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118530786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134732","display_name":"Instrumentation (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24756922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757694","display_name":"Data quality","level":3,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.27320000529289246}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000090464","descriptor_name":"Laboratories, Clinical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098342","descriptor_name":"Large Language Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002624","descriptor_name":"Chemistry, Clinical","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/molecules31203617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31203617","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31203617","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108911230","display_name":"Molecules","issn_l":"1420-3049","issn":["1420-3049","1433-1373"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecules","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13707439","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13707439/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13707439/pdf/molecules-31-03617.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecules","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42943689","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42943689","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b84fc495d33742f4b3097b924d977969","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b84fc495d33742f4b3097b924d977969","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Molecules, Vol 31, Iss 20, p 3617 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/molecules31203617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31203617","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31203617","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108911230","display_name":"Molecules","issn_l":"1420-3049","issn":["1420-3049","1433-1373"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Molecules","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7221508461.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7221508461.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4311780073","https://openalex.org/W4312072318","https://openalex.org/W4366603014","https://openalex.org/W4378348993","https://openalex.org/W4378783680","https://openalex.org/W4384816541","https://openalex.org/W4386048275","https://openalex.org/W4386407716","https://openalex.org/W4386704947","https://openalex.org/W4386726994","https://openalex.org/W4386946708","https://openalex.org/W4388833743","https://openalex.org/W4389087385","https://openalex.org/W4389612890","https://openalex.org/W4389675467","https://openalex.org/W4389675474","https://openalex.org/W4390231563","https://openalex.org/W4391323034","https://openalex.org/W4392231248","https://openalex.org/W4392506286","https://openalex.org/W4396917851","https://openalex.org/W4399093667","https://openalex.org/W4399357133","https://openalex.org/W4399582048","https://openalex.org/W4399592440","https://openalex.org/W4399716923","https://openalex.org/W4399762021","https://openalex.org/W4400677043","https://openalex.org/W4401345538","https://openalex.org/W4401380352","https://openalex.org/W4401835128","https://openalex.org/W4402466416","https://openalex.org/W4402646671","https://openalex.org/W4403156384","https://openalex.org/W4403745702","https://openalex.org/W4404726485","https://openalex.org/W4405184124","https://openalex.org/W4405780823","https://openalex.org/W4406291703","https://openalex.org/W4408085308","https://openalex.org/W4408989359","https://openalex.org/W4409348587","https://openalex.org/W4409562836","https://openalex.org/W4410788660","https://openalex.org/W4411217730","https://openalex.org/W4412383765","https://openalex.org/W4412450607","https://openalex.org/W4412567668","https://openalex.org/W4413117577","https://openalex.org/W4413623199","https://openalex.org/W4413907465","https://openalex.org/W4414302177","https://openalex.org/W4414325526","https://openalex.org/W4414709732","https://openalex.org/W4414978434","https://openalex.org/W4415226950","https://openalex.org/W4415250650","https://openalex.org/W4415610361","https://openalex.org/W4415612033","https://openalex.org/W4416422613","https://openalex.org/W4416715618","https://openalex.org/W7106582121","https://openalex.org/W7117876755","https://openalex.org/W7118003228","https://openalex.org/W7119222278","https://openalex.org/W7127073484","https://openalex.org/W7127382906","https://openalex.org/W7134238305","https://openalex.org/W7141700805","https://openalex.org/W7155377108","https://openalex.org/W7155636406","https://openalex.org/W7160852081","https://openalex.org/W7162649001","https://openalex.org/W7165399287","https://openalex.org/W7171351601","https://openalex.org/W7171405200"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4396798371","https://openalex.org/W4363625527","https://openalex.org/W4311780073","https://openalex.org/W7214584387","https://openalex.org/W7212588715","https://openalex.org/W7216841201","https://openalex.org/W7212133124","https://openalex.org/W4410006530","https://openalex.org/W4399669561","https://openalex.org/W7154474945"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"(AI)":[2],"is":[3,164],"increasingly":[4],"being":[5],"applied":[6],"in":[7,21,48,76,177],"clinical":[8,49,77,219],"laboratories":[9,50],"to":[10,86,166,217],"support":[11,218],"laboratory":[12,41,112,232],"processes":[13],"and":[14,26,59,97,107,128,134,150,156,170,193,208,228],"interpretation":[15,117],"of":[16,35,40,46,69,94,111,118,158,231],"test":[17,103],"results.":[18],"Recent":[19,79],"developments":[20],"machine":[22],"learning,":[23,25],"deep":[24],"large":[27,159],"language":[28,160],"models":[29],"have":[30],"expanded":[31],"the":[32,44,72,174],"potential":[33,216],"applications":[34,68,181],"AI":[36,47,70,213],"across":[37,71],"different":[38],"stages":[39],"testing.":[42],"However,":[43],"use":[45,224],"also":[51,139],"raises":[52],"important":[53],"questions":[54],"regarding":[55],"validation,":[56,168,203],"analytical":[57,120,130,145],"performance,":[58],"transferability":[60],"between":[61],"laboratories.":[62],"This":[63],"narrative":[64],"review":[65,138],"examines":[66],"recent":[67],"total":[73],"testing":[74],"process":[75],"chemistry.":[78],"English-language":[80],"scientific":[81],"literature":[82],"published":[83],"from":[84,124],"2023":[85],"18":[87],"August":[88],"2026":[89],"was":[90],"identified":[91],"through":[92],"searches":[93],"PubMed,":[95],"Scopus,":[96],"Google":[98],"Scholar.":[99],"It":[100],"describes":[101],"AI-assisted":[102],"utilization;":[104],"specimen":[105],"handling":[106],"quality":[108,115,206],"assessment;":[109],"detection":[110],"errors;":[113],"patient-based":[114],"control;":[116],"complex":[119],"outputs,":[121],"including":[122,144],"signals":[123],"emerging":[125],"AI-integrated":[126],"biosensors":[127],"nanomaterial-based":[129],"platforms;":[131],"result":[132],"verification;":[133],"laboratory-report":[135],"interpretation.":[136],"The":[137],"discusses":[140],"major":[141],"implementation":[142],"challenges,":[143],"variability,":[146],"data":[147],"quality,":[148],"sensor":[149],"platform":[151],"reproducibility,":[152],"model":[153],"generalizability,":[154],"interoperability,":[155],"limitations":[157],"models.":[161],"Particular":[162],"attention":[163],"given":[165],"external":[167],"transportability,":[169],"real-world":[171],"implementation.":[172],"Among":[173],"studies":[175],"considered":[176],"this":[178],"review,":[179],"many":[180],"remain":[182],"supported":[183],"mainly":[184],"by":[185],"retrospective":[186],"or":[187],"internally":[188],"validated":[189],"studies,":[190],"while":[191],"prospective":[192],"operational":[194],"evaluations":[195],"are":[196,211],"less":[197],"common.":[198],"Finally,":[199],"practical":[200],"considerations":[201],"for":[202],"local":[204],"verification,":[205],"assurance,":[207],"performance":[209],"monitoring":[210],"discussed.":[212],"has":[214],"considerable":[215],"chemistry":[220],"laboratories,":[221],"but":[222],"safe":[223],"requires":[225],"appropriate":[226],"evaluation":[227],"continued":[229],"involvement":[230],"professionals.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-13T00:00:00"}
