{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7221351815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-10087-7","title":"Regulation of multi-metal stress responses in spinach by malic acid and Moringa leaf extract: implications for plant performance and phytoextraction","display_name":"Regulation of multi-metal stress responses in spinach by malic acid and Moringa leaf extract: implications for plant performance and phytoextraction","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7221351815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-10087-7","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42966844","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13723093"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12870-026-10087-7","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-10087-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-10087-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6444338","display_name":"BMC Plant Biology","issn_l":"1471-2229","issn":["1471-2229"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Plant Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-10087-7","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056843178","display_name":"Mujahid Farid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0092-6666","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0092-6666"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99165933","display_name":"University of Gujrat","ror":"https://ror.org/01xe5fb92","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99165933"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mujahid Farid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, 50700, Gujrat, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0092-6666","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, 50700, Gujrat, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99165933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158262359","display_name":"Fiza Farooq","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99165933","display_name":"University of Gujrat","ror":"https://ror.org/01xe5fb92","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99165933"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fiza Farooq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, 50700, Gujrat, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, 50700, Gujrat, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99165933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111143776","display_name":"Suliman Mohammed Suliman Alghanem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3875-7696","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3875-7696","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9040-9277"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156216236","display_name":"Qassim University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wsfe280","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suliman Mohammed Suliman Alghanem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology, College of Science, Qassim University, Burydah, 52571, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Qassim University, Burydah, 52571, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002523272","display_name":"Haifa A. S. Alhaithloul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5418-1224","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5418-1224","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4153-0262"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199702508","display_name":"Jouf University","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsyt821","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haifa Abdul Aziz Sakit Alhaithloul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72341, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72341, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133565806","display_name":"Mohammed S. Alotaibi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed S. Alotaibi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif, 21995, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif, 21995, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030785853","display_name":"Muhammad Munir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2508-4426","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2508-4426"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4626487","display_name":"King Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn43547","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4626487"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Munir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Date Palm Research Centre of Excellence, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia. mmunir@kfu.edu.sa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Date Palm Research Centre of Excellence, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia. mmunir@kfu.edu.sa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4626487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158268189","display_name":"Yousef Alhaj Hamoud","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107575416","display_name":"University of Aleppo","ror":"https://ror.org/03mzvxz96","country_code":"SY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107575416"]}],"countries":["SY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yousef Alhaj Hamoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Aleppo, PO Box 8047, Aleppo, Syria. y-alhaj-hamoud@alepuniv.edu.sy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Aleppo, PO Box 8047, Aleppo, Syria. y-alhaj-hamoud@alepuniv.edu.sy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107575416"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086055003","display_name":"Hiba Shaghaleh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9513-1729","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9513-1729"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107575416","display_name":"University of Aleppo","ror":"https://ror.org/03mzvxz96","country_code":"SY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107575416"]}],"countries":["SY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiba Shaghaleh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Aleppo, PO Box 8047, Aleppo, Syria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Aleppo, PO Box 8047, Aleppo, Syria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107575416"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030785853","https://openalex.org/A5158268189"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107575416","https://openalex.org/I4626487"],"apc_list":{"value":3090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":{"value":3090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3090},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64257518,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10139","display_name":"Heavy metals in environment","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10139","display_name":"Heavy metals in environment","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10014","display_name":"Plant Stress Responses and Tolerance","score":0.006300000008195639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12780","display_name":"Heavy Metal Pollution Remediation","score":0.0052999998442828655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phytoextraction","display_name":"phytoextraction","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spinach","display_name":"spinach","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malic-acid","display_name":"malic acid","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moringa-oleifera-leaf-extract","display_name":"moringa leaf extract","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nickel","display_name":"nickel","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copper","display_name":"copper","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead","display_name":"lead","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxidative-stress","display_name":"oxidative stress","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antioxidant-defense","display_name":"antioxidant defense","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/superoxide-dismutase","display_name":"superoxide dismutase","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metal-bioavailability","display_name":"metal bioavailability","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metal-accumulation","display_name":"metal accumulation","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foliar-application","display_name":"foliar application","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photosynthetic-pigments","display_name":"photosynthetic pigments","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heavy-metal-pollution","display_name":"heavy metal contamination","score":0.5299999713897705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780968799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190143","display_name":"Malic acid","level":3,"score":0.8634999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780054949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1421117","display_name":"Spinach","level":2,"score":0.8335999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780851533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148968","display_name":"Spinacia","level":4,"score":0.79339998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63797996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q283180","display_name":"Phytoremediation","level":3,"score":0.739799976348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310468","display_name":"Moringa","level":2,"score":0.6995000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86626682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124578","display_name":"Rhizosphere","level":3,"score":0.6283000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5989000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183688256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11982","display_name":"Photosynthesis","level":2,"score":0.582099974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144027150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803","display_name":"Horticulture","level":1,"score":0.5268999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115540264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.460099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778004101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133948","display_name":"Antioxidant","level":2,"score":0.42489999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.424699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778221352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193572","display_name":"Salicylic acid","level":2,"score":0.3831000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986274086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199678","display_name":"Ascorbic acid","level":2,"score":0.3743000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94061648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336191","display_name":"Wastewater","level":2,"score":0.32179999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777970491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411138","display_name":"Gibberellic acid","level":3,"score":0.31360000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781045423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7618701","display_name":"Stomatal conductance","level":3,"score":0.299699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779032678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159683","display_name":"Citric acid","level":2,"score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776373379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43177","display_name":"Chlorophyll","level":2,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779184190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1269627","display_name":"Amendment","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001673","descriptor_name":"Biodegradation, Environmental","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008293","descriptor_name":"Malates","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010936","descriptor_name":"Plant Extracts","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013312","descriptor_name":"Stress, Physiological","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018384","descriptor_name":"Oxidative Stress","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018517","descriptor_name":"Plant Roots","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018517","descriptor_name":"Plant Roots","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018724","descriptor_name":"Spinacia oleracea","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018724","descriptor_name":"Spinacia oleracea","qualifier_ui":"Q000254","qualifier_name":"growth & development","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018724","descriptor_name":"Spinacia oleracea","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018724","descriptor_name":"Spinacia oleracea","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019216","descriptor_name":"Metals, Heavy","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D029588","descriptor_name":"Moringa oleifera","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12870-026-10087-7","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-10087-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-10087-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6444338","display_name":"BMC Plant Biology","issn_l":"1471-2229","issn":["1471-2229"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Plant Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13723093","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13723093/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13723093/pdf/12870_2026_Article_10087.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Plant Biol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42966844","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42966844","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC plant biology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:99c02a277ca24ff09834ece2df6d42b3","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/99c02a277ca24ff09834ece2df6d42b3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMC Plant Biology, Vol 26, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12870-026-10087-7","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-10087-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-10087-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6444338","display_name":"BMC Plant Biology","issn_l":"1471-2229","issn":["1471-2229"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Plant Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.6618000268936157,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.5666999816894531,"display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9001169602","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KFU260000","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331156","funder_display_name":"King Faisal University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331156","display_name":"King Faisal University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7221351815.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7221351815.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W191793640","https://openalex.org/W1573518848","https://openalex.org/W1974907033","https://openalex.org/W1975473360","https://openalex.org/W1985356769","https://openalex.org/W2076419342","https://openalex.org/W2110856574","https://openalex.org/W2111444582","https://openalex.org/W2128635872","https://openalex.org/W2180637001","https://openalex.org/W3205622646","https://openalex.org/W4235018263","https://openalex.org/W4280591042","https://openalex.org/W4292264729","https://openalex.org/W4379032242","https://openalex.org/W4382988976","https://openalex.org/W4390583328","https://openalex.org/W4391251600","https://openalex.org/W4392559612","https://openalex.org/W4406624335","https://openalex.org/W4406872367","https://openalex.org/W4407049199","https://openalex.org/W4407374779","https://openalex.org/W4409166752","https://openalex.org/W4409205742","https://openalex.org/W4409530112","https://openalex.org/W4409920073","https://openalex.org/W4410711719","https://openalex.org/W4413735270","https://openalex.org/W4413992167","https://openalex.org/W4414483354","https://openalex.org/W4414597018","https://openalex.org/W4414711500","https://openalex.org/W4416821000","https://openalex.org/W7119512777","https://openalex.org/W7130928192","https://openalex.org/W7130947063"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4400768616","https://openalex.org/W4386225578","https://openalex.org/W2182990605","https://openalex.org/W4317470544","https://openalex.org/W1982537847","https://openalex.org/W4385762221","https://openalex.org/W2000348393","https://openalex.org/W335905429","https://openalex.org/W4303982247","https://openalex.org/W4412824687"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multi-metal":[0],"contamination":[1],"is":[2,197],"a":[3,248,254],"major":[4],"limiting":[5],"factor":[6],"for":[7,251],"phytoextraction":[8,252],"with":[9,253],"high":[10],"biomass":[11,84],"plants":[12],"like":[13],"spinach":[14,54],"(":[15],"Spinacia":[16],"oleracea":[17],"L.)":[18],"from":[19,37,112],"wastewater":[20,61,72,177],"used":[21,185],"in":[22,53,146,186,194],"the":[23,29,46,131,137,140,175,198,202],"surgery":[24],"industry.":[25],"This":[26,196],"study":[27],"investigated":[28],"integrated":[30],"application":[31,168,205,211],"of":[32,65,89,127,139,169,201,206,212,230],"malic":[33,92,134,170,207],"acid":[34,93,135,171,208],"(10":[35],"mM)":[36],"rhizosphere":[38,204],"and":[39,50,57,68,82,125,159,172,209,233,241,244],"Moringa":[40,213],"oleifera":[41,214],"leaf":[42,215],"extract":[43,216],"(MLE)":[44],"on":[45],"growth,":[47],"antioxidant":[48],"defense":[49],"multi-metal":[51,219],"accumulation":[52,148,229],"under":[55,120,217],"50%":[56],"100%":[58,71,121,152],"authentic":[59,218],"surgical":[60,176,220],"containing":[62,179],"higher":[63],"concentrations":[64],"Ni,":[66],"Cu":[67,155],"Pb.":[69],"Untreated":[70],"reduced":[73],"plant":[74,102],"height":[75,103],"by":[76,106,149],"65.8%,":[77],"it":[78],"caused":[79],"oxidative":[80,239],"damage":[81],"suppressed":[83],"production.":[85],"The":[86,165,222],"dual":[87],"treatment":[88],"10":[90],"mM":[91],"+":[94],"MLE":[95,173],"completely":[96],"reversed":[97],"these":[98],"effects":[99],"such":[100],"as":[101],"which":[104,182],"recovered":[105],"42.8%;":[107],"root":[108,154,160],"SOD":[109],"activity":[110],"enhancement":[111],"34.25":[113],"to":[114,143],"53.06":[115],"U":[116],"mg":[117],"-1":[118],"protein":[119],"wastewater;":[122],"ROS":[123],"reduction":[124],"maintenance":[126],"photosynthetic":[128,245],"pigments.":[129],"At":[130],"same":[132],"time,":[133],"increased":[136],"bioavailability":[138],"metals":[141],"leading":[142],"significant":[144],"increases":[145],"absolute":[147,228],"roots":[150],"(under":[151],"wastewater,":[153],"was":[156,162],"7046.67":[157],"\u00b5g":[158],"Ni":[161,234],"10510.69":[163],"\u00b5g).":[164],"combined":[166],"rhizosphere\u2013foliar":[167],"against":[174],"(SWW)":[178],"several":[180],"metals,":[181],"has":[183,189],"been":[184,192],"real":[187],"conditions,":[188],"not":[190,225],"yet":[191],"studied":[193],"spinach.":[195],"first":[199],"report":[200],"simultaneous":[203],"foliar":[210],"wastewater.":[221],"dual-route":[223],"strategy":[224],"only":[226],"enhanced":[227],"Cu,":[231],"Pb":[232],"but":[235],"also":[236],"significantly":[237],"alleviated":[238],"stress":[240],"restored":[242],"growth":[243],"performance,":[246],"suggesting":[247],"low-cost":[249],"approach":[250],"high-biomass":[255],"crop.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-10-11T00:00:00"}