{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7221069225","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-75498-w","title":"Bridging forest inventory gaps in remote and inaccessible temperate mountain forests using AlphaEarth embeddings and model-based inference","display_name":"Bridging forest inventory gaps in remote and inaccessible temperate mountain forests using AlphaEarth embeddings and model-based inference","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7221069225","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-75498-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-75498-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-75498-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-75498-w","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-75498-w_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-75498-w_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016440980","display_name":"Hormoz Sohrabi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6936-5292","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6936-5292","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8499-8212"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1516879","display_name":"Tarbiat Modares University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mwgfy56","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hormoz Sohrabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forest Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6936-5292","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029468567","display_name":"Sasan Vafaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1114-3886","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1114-3886"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sasan Vafaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Office of Forestry and Utilization Affairs, Forest Department, Natural Resources and Watershed Management Organization, Chalus, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Office of Forestry and Utilization Affairs, Forest Department, Natural Resources and Watershed Management Organization, Chalus, Iran","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152945727","display_name":"Ramin Mansour Samaei","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramin Mansour Samaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Office of Forestry and Utilization Affairs, Forest Department, Natural Resources and Watershed Management Organization, Chalus, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Office of Forestry and Utilization Affairs, Forest Department, Natural Resources and Watershed Management Organization, Chalus, Iran","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060846410","display_name":"Markus Immitzer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6758-1207","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6758-1207"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92869138","display_name":"BOKU University","ror":"https://ror.org/057ff4y42","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92869138"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Immitzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ecosystem Management, Climate and Biodiversity, Institute of Geomatics, BOKU University, Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ecosystem Management, Climate and Biodiversity, Institute of Geomatics, BOKU University, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92869138"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047036320","display_name":"Ardalan Daryaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7298-4462","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7298-4462"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92869138","display_name":"BOKU University","ror":"https://ror.org/057ff4y42","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92869138"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ardalan Daryaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ecosystem Management, Climate and Biodiversity, Institute of Geomatics, BOKU University, Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ecosystem Management, Climate and Biodiversity, Institute of Geomatics, BOKU University, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92869138"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016440980"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74440929,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1107","display_name":"Forestry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1107","display_name":"Forestry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11880","display_name":"Forest ecology and management","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1107","display_name":"Forestry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-inventory","display_name":"forest inventory","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperate-mountain-forests","display_name":"temperate mountain forests","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyrcanian-forests","display_name":"Hyrcanian forests","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundation-models","display_name":"foundation models","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-based-inference","display_name":"model-based inference","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standing-volume","display_name":"standing volume","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-density","display_name":"tree density","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy-height","display_name":"canopy height","score":1.0}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.8738999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92494378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845725","display_name":"Temperate rainforest","level":3,"score":0.48989999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188442384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3079197","display_name":"Temperate forest","level":3,"score":0.4884999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81461190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167466","display_name":"Temperate climate","level":2,"score":0.4805000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.44200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.4316999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4146000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.39010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.35679998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147103442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423188","display_name":"Forest inventory","level":3,"score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983469836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4421","display_name":"Forest structure","level":3,"score":0.34049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-75498-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-75498-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-75498-w","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-75498-w_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-75498-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-75498-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-75498-w","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-75498-w_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9001165735","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"40500432","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322243","funder_display_name":"Iran National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322243","display_name":"Iran National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/03sr1ma14"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7221069225.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7221069225.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2181552524","https://openalex.org/W3123530122","https://openalex.org/W4400221733","https://openalex.org/W4402260667","https://openalex.org/W4413267746","https://openalex.org/W6948349386","https://openalex.org/W7134112431","https://openalex.org/W7151811462","https://openalex.org/W7160438769","https://openalex.org/W7167888740"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2071251785","https://openalex.org/W7151811462","https://openalex.org/W7164400291","https://openalex.org/W6950077686","https://openalex.org/W4377294243","https://openalex.org/W283964855","https://openalex.org/W4405220294","https://openalex.org/W4303199296","https://openalex.org/W2973832355","https://openalex.org/W3197443785"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Remote":[0],"areas":[1,87],"remain":[2,283],"among":[3],"the":[4,89,209,244,265],"least-monitored":[5],"environments":[6],"worldwide":[7],"because":[8],"conventional":[9],"field-based":[10],"monitoring":[11,275],"programs":[12],"are":[13],"constrained":[14],"by":[15,158],"logistical":[16],"challenges,":[17],"limited":[18],"accessibility,":[19],"and":[20,35,43,58,82,109,127,134,161,169,197,229,271],"high":[21],"operational":[22],"costs.":[23],"These":[24],"limitations":[25,267],"create":[26],"persistent":[27],"spatial":[28,107,152,171,184,238,266],"data":[29],"gaps":[30],"that":[31,249],"hinder":[32],"ecosystem":[33],"assessment":[34,111],"evidence-based":[36],"management.":[37],"Recent":[38],"advances":[39],"in":[40,240],"Earth":[41,119,250],"observation":[42,120,251],"geospatial":[44],"artificial":[45],"intelligence":[46],"provide":[47,259],"new":[48],"opportunities":[49],"to":[50,56,71,263],"extend":[51],"information":[52],"from":[53],"sampled":[54],"locations":[55],"remote":[57],"sparsely":[59],"monitored":[60],"landscapes.":[61],"In":[62],"this":[63],"study,":[64],"we":[65],"developed":[66],"a":[67,260],"Model-Based":[68],"Inference":[69],"framework":[70,98],"estimate":[72],"key":[73],"forest":[74,206,269],"structural":[75],"attributes,":[76],"including":[77],"standing":[78,191,221],"volume,":[79,192,222],"tree":[80,195,227],"density,":[81,196,228],"canopy":[83,200,233],"height,":[84],"across":[85,131,208,243],"unmeasured":[86,162],"of":[88,94,118,124,139,166,173,188,213,268,276],"UNESCO-designated":[90],"Hyrcanian":[91],"temperate":[92],"forests":[93,279],"northern":[95],"Iran.":[96],"The":[97,176],"integrated":[99],"AlphaEarth":[100],"Foundation":[101],"Model":[102],"embeddings,":[103,121,254],"Random":[104,140],"Forest":[105,141,145],"regression,":[106],"validation,":[108],"uncertainty":[110],"through":[112,151],"seven":[113],"sequential":[114],"steps:":[115],"(i)":[116],"acquisition":[117],"(ii)":[122],"characterization":[123],"prediction-domain":[125],"representativeness":[126],"potential":[128],"extrapolation":[129],"risk":[130],"topographic,":[132],"bioclimatic,":[133],"embedding":[135],"spaces,":[136],"(iii)":[137],"calibration":[138],"models":[142,177],"using":[143],"National":[144],"Inventory":[146],"(NFI)":[147],"observations,":[148],"(iv)":[149],"evaluation":[150],"block":[153],"cross-validation,":[154],"(v)":[155],"population-level":[156],"estimation":[157],"integrating":[159],"measured":[160],"plots,":[163],"(vi)":[164],"generation":[165],"wall-to-wall":[167],"predictions,":[168],"(vii)":[170],"mapping":[172],"prediction":[174,241],"uncertainty.":[175],"achieved":[178],"reliable":[179],"predictive":[180],"performance,":[181],"with":[182,256],"mean":[183,205],"cross-validation":[185],"R\u00b2":[186],"values":[187],"0.57":[189],"for":[190,194,199,220,226,232],"0.40":[193],"0.55":[198],"height.":[201,234],"Model-based":[202],"inference":[203],"estimated":[204],"conditions":[207],"complete":[210],"inventory":[211],"population":[212],"4,140":[214],"plots":[215],"as":[216],"246.13":[217],"m\u00b3":[218],"ha\u207b\u00b9":[219,225],"251.13":[223],"trees":[224],"25.13":[230],"m":[231],"Uncertainty":[235],"maps":[236],"revealed":[237],"variations":[239],"confidence":[242],"landscape.":[245],"This":[246],"study":[247],"demonstrates":[248],"foundation":[252],"model":[253],"combined":[255],"model-based":[257],"inference,":[258],"scalable":[261],"approach":[262],"overcoming":[264],"inventories":[270],"enabling":[272],"spatially":[273],"explicit":[274],"remote,":[277],"mountainous":[278],"where":[280],"field":[281],"observations":[282],"incomplete.":[284]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-10-10T00:00:00"}
