{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7221048064","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1993792","title":"Predicting pandemics, predicting people: the ethical limits of AI-powered public health surveillance","display_name":"Predicting pandemics, predicting people: the ethical limits of AI-powered public health surveillance","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7221048064","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1993792","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42923718","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13687949"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1993792","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1993792","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1993792","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1993792/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595931848","display_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","issn_l":"2296-2565","issn":["2296-2565"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1993792/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141060871","display_name":"Maryan Ali Aadan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3827-5630","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3827-5630"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801301251","display_name":"Somali National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03f3jde70","country_code":"SO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801301251"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405270313","display_name":"Benaadir Research, Consultancy and Evaluation Center (Somalia)","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7g0s61","country_code":"SO","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405270313"]}],"countries":["SO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maryan Ali Adam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Benaadir Research, Consultancy and Evaluation Center","Center for Health Research and Innovation, Somali National University","Faculty of Health Sciences and Tropical Medicine, Somali National University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Benaadir Research, Consultancy and Evaluation Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405270313"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Health Research and Innovation, Somali National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801301251"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Tropical Medicine, Somali National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801301251"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148806432","display_name":"Ayuub Ahmed Osman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7635-7522","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7635-7522"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801301251","display_name":"Somali National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03f3jde70","country_code":"SO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801301251"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405270313","display_name":"Benaadir Research, Consultancy and Evaluation Center (Somalia)","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7g0s61","country_code":"SO","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405270313"]}],"countries":["SO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayuub Axmed Osmaan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Benaadir Research, Consultancy and Evaluation Center","Center for Health Research and Innovation, Somali National University","Faculty of Health Sciences and Tropical Medicine, Somali National University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Benaadir Research, Consultancy and Evaluation Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405270313"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Health Research and Innovation, Somali National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801301251"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Tropical Medicine, Somali National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801301251"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141091842","display_name":"Mohamed Abdijabar Mohamed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1235-2061","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1235-2061"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801301251","display_name":"Somali National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03f3jde70","country_code":"SO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801301251"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405270313","display_name":"Benaadir Research, Consultancy and Evaluation Center (Somalia)","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7g0s61","country_code":"SO","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405270313"]}],"countries":["SO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Abdijabar Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Benaadir Research, Consultancy and Evaluation Center","Faculty of Health Sciences and Tropical Medicine, Somali National University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Benaadir Research, Consultancy and Evaluation Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405270313"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Tropical Medicine, Somali National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801301251"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5151112428","display_name":"Maryamo Maxamed Cali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3344-2739","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3344-2739"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801301251","display_name":"Somali National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03f3jde70","country_code":"SO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801301251"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405270313","display_name":"Benaadir Research, Consultancy and Evaluation Center (Somalia)","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7g0s61","country_code":"SO","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405270313"]}],"countries":["SO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maryamo Maxamed Cali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Benaadir Research, Consultancy and Evaluation Center","Faculty of Health Sciences and Tropical Medicine, Somali National University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Benaadir Research, Consultancy and Evaluation Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405270313"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Tropical Medicine, Somali National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801301251"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136431092","display_name":"Ilyas Abdullahi Khalif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7421-8638","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7421-8638"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801301251","display_name":"Somali National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03f3jde70","country_code":"SO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801301251"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405270313","display_name":"Benaadir Research, Consultancy and Evaluation Center (Somalia)","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7g0s61","country_code":"SO","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405270313"]}],"countries":["SO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilyas Abdullahi Khalif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Benaadir Research, Consultancy and Evaluation Center","Center for Health Research and Innovation, Somali National University","Faculty of Health Sciences and Tropical Medicine, Somali National University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Benaadir Research, Consultancy and Evaluation Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405270313"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Health Research and Innovation, Somali National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801301251"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Tropical Medicine, Somali National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801301251"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5141060871"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801301251","https://openalex.org/I4405270313"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55073171,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"1993792","last_page":"1993792"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.7900000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.7900000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12943","display_name":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing","score":0.1835000067949295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.01269999984651804,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surveillance-ethics","display_name":"ethics of surveillance","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pandemic-forecasting","display_name":"pandemic forecasting","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profiling","display_name":"profiling","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-bias","display_name":"algorithmic bias","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy","display_name":"privacy","score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomy","display_name":"autonomy","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrimination","display_name":"discrimination","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency-and-accountability","display_name":"transparency and accountability","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-minimization","display_name":"data minimization","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/purpose-limitation","display_name":"purpose limitation","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaningful-human-control","display_name":"meaningful human control","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mission-creep","display_name":"mission creep","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-drift","display_name":"model drift","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-integration","display_name":"data integration","score":0.5049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-trust","display_name":"public trust","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equity","display_name":"equity","score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-governance","display_name":"AI governance","score":0.4009999930858612}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776361769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q821775","display_name":"Public health surveillance","level":3,"score":0.6980999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.6191999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196879817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q872685","display_name":"Data governance","level":4,"score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776889888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1135789","display_name":"Unintended consequences","level":2,"score":0.47510001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.46950000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776480101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3555250","display_name":"Disease surveillance","level":3,"score":0.43880000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46295352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207982","display_name":"Legitimacy","level":3,"score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95423123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622178","display_name":"Workgroup","level":2,"score":0.4348999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187029079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958679","display_name":"Cognitive reframing","level":2,"score":0.4049000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.39570000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.38749998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.38350000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.3792000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.37450000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.33959999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779965156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227350","display_name":"Data sharing","level":3,"score":0.33899998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778221768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8964474","display_name":"Risk governance","level":3,"score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47344431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519812","display_name":"Health policy","level":3,"score":0.33059999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.32989999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777825026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3410431","display_name":"Public trust","level":2,"score":0.31690001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993267355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519812","display_name":"Public health policy","level":4,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986663376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9465","display_name":"Ethical issues","level":2,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162222271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92779871","display_name":"Public good","level":2,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.2574999928474426}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000098437","descriptor_name":"Prediction Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005544","descriptor_name":"Forecasting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011634","descriptor_name":"Public Health","qualifier_ui":"Q000941","qualifier_name":"ethics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D058873","descriptor_name":"Pandemics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062486","descriptor_name":"Public Health Surveillance","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1993792","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1993792","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1993792","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1993792/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595931848","display_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","issn_l":"2296-2565","issn":["2296-2565"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13687949","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13687949/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13687949/pdf/fpubh-14-1993792.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Public Health","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42923718","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42923718","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in public health","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a4d68bed82b146959416c28d46b9ee24","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a4d68bed82b146959416c28d46b9ee24","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Public Health, Vol 14 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1993792","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1993792","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1993792","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1993792/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595931848","display_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","issn_l":"2296-2565","issn":["2296-2565"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7221048064.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7221048064.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3136000444","https://openalex.org/W3200594356","https://openalex.org/W3216760739","https://openalex.org/W4224244872","https://openalex.org/W4307846218","https://openalex.org/W4313561913","https://openalex.org/W4315432955","https://openalex.org/W4379184924","https://openalex.org/W4381716616","https://openalex.org/W4385801979","https://openalex.org/W4387569602","https://openalex.org/W4389794809","https://openalex.org/W4393016617","https://openalex.org/W4400303336","https://openalex.org/W4401583786","https://openalex.org/W4402926889","https://openalex.org/W4404118123","https://openalex.org/W4405923402","https://openalex.org/W4407722258","https://openalex.org/W4407998253","https://openalex.org/W4408019406","https://openalex.org/W4408031361","https://openalex.org/W4408133658","https://openalex.org/W4409339170","https://openalex.org/W4410990623","https://openalex.org/W4411572536","https://openalex.org/W4412583896","https://openalex.org/W4412765880","https://openalex.org/W4413327243","https://openalex.org/W4414981273","https://openalex.org/W4416095593","https://openalex.org/W4416775852","https://openalex.org/W4417502331","https://openalex.org/W7117460508","https://openalex.org/W7123530179","https://openalex.org/W7128600296","https://openalex.org/W7130657878","https://openalex.org/W7138866428","https://openalex.org/W7155369523","https://openalex.org/W7157117263","https://openalex.org/W7161231161","https://openalex.org/W7162289191","https://openalex.org/W7162662569","https://openalex.org/W7165037074","https://openalex.org/W7167083507","https://openalex.org/W7212258274"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7084143127","https://openalex.org/W7155400300","https://openalex.org/W4416255168","https://openalex.org/W4411573096","https://openalex.org/W4394927936","https://openalex.org/W4408415476","https://openalex.org/W6893425541","https://openalex.org/W4408196964","https://openalex.org/W7214107212","https://openalex.org/W4412662155"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"(AI)":[2],"is":[3,146],"transforming":[4],"public":[5,53,63,198],"health":[6,64],"surveillance":[7,105,120,172],"by":[8,124,177,184],"enabling":[9],"the":[10,30,58,70,102,167],"integration":[11],"of":[12,61,104,153,170],"epidemiological,":[13],"clinical,":[14],"environmental,":[15],"mobility,":[16],"genomic,":[17],"and":[18,25,52,79,94,101,136,140,162,189,197],"digital":[19],"data":[20,85,129,154],"to":[21,35,46,69,149],"detect":[22],"emerging":[23],"threats":[24],"anticipate":[26],"disease":[27],"transmission.":[28],"However,":[29],"expansion":[31],"from":[32,72],"detecting":[33],"outbreaks":[34],"predicting":[36],"individual":[37],"or":[38],"group-level":[39],"behaviors":[40],"raises":[41],"important":[42],"ethical":[43,59,116,168],"concerns":[44],"related":[45],"privacy,":[47],"autonomy,":[48],"discrimination,":[49],"transparency,":[50,132],"accountability,":[51],"trust.":[54,199],"This":[55],"mini-review":[56],"examines":[57],"limits":[60],"AI-powered":[62],"surveillance,":[65],"with":[66],"particular":[67],"attention":[68],"transition":[71],"population-level":[73],"epidemic":[74],"prediction":[75],"toward":[76],"individual-level":[77],"inference":[78],"profiling.":[80],"It":[81],"highlights":[82],"how":[83],"extensive":[84],"integration,":[86],"algorithmic":[87],"bias,":[88],"unequal":[89],"predictive":[90,111],"errors,":[91],"opaque":[92],"models,":[93],"mission":[95],"creep":[96],"can":[97,179,186],"undermine":[98],"both":[99],"equity":[100],"legitimacy":[103],"systems.":[106],"The":[107],"review":[108],"argues":[109],"that":[110],"capability":[112],"alone":[113],"cannot":[114],"establish":[115],"legitimacy.":[117],"Instead,":[118],"AI":[119,171],"should":[121,173],"be":[122,174,181,187],"governed":[123],"necessity,":[125],"proportionality,":[126],"purpose":[127],"limitation,":[128],"minimization,":[130],"equity,":[131,196],"meaningful":[133],"human":[134],"oversight,":[135],"mechanisms":[137],"for":[138],"accountability":[139],"redress.":[141],"A":[142],"lifecycle":[143],"governance":[144],"approach":[145],"further":[147],"required":[148],"ensure":[150],"continuous":[151],"assessment":[152],"quality,":[155],"subgroup":[156],"performance,":[157],"model":[158],"drift,":[159],"unintended":[160],"harms,":[161],"changing":[163],"public-health":[164],"needs.":[165],"Ultimately,":[166],"boundary":[169],"defined":[175],"not":[176],"what":[178,185],"technically":[180],"predicted,":[182],"but":[183],"predicted":[188],"acted":[190],"upon":[191],"without":[192],"compromising":[193],"fundamental":[194],"rights,":[195]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2026-10-09T00:00:00"}
