{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7221015609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-74070-w","title":"SAR object detection via adaptive shift-wise downsampling and frequency-spatially modulated feature fusion","display_name":"SAR object detection via adaptive shift-wise downsampling and frequency-spatially modulated feature fusion","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7221015609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-74070-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-74070-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-74070-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-74070-w","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-74070-w_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-74070-w_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157986635","display_name":"Haochen Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6941-9264","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6941-9264"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haochen Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Integration and Control Technology for Intelligent Rehabilitation, School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an, 710123, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6941-9264","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Integration and Control Technology for Intelligent Rehabilitation, School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an, 710123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157980852","display_name":"Jing Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jing Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Integration and Control Technology for Intelligent Rehabilitation, School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an, 710123, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Integration and Control Technology for Intelligent Rehabilitation, School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an, 710123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135001258","display_name":"Xiaoyong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2523-2256","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2523-2256"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Integration and Control Technology for Intelligent Rehabilitation, School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an, 710123, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2523-2256","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Integration and Control Technology for Intelligent Rehabilitation, School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an, 710123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017033007","display_name":"Junjie Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6096-8528","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6096-8528"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junjie Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Integration and Control Technology for Intelligent Rehabilitation, School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an, 710123, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Integration and Control Technology for Intelligent Rehabilitation, School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an, 710123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133837681","display_name":"Liuzhi Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148099405","display_name":"Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04v2j2k71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148099405"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liuzhi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an, 710311, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an, 710311, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148099405"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157948739","display_name":"Zhanhua Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2620-2577","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2620-2577"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhanhua Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Integration and Control Technology for Intelligent Rehabilitation, School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an, 710123, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2620-2577","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Integration and Control Technology for Intelligent Rehabilitation, School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an, 710123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157900400","display_name":"Pan Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Integration and Control Technology for Intelligent Rehabilitation, School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an, 710123, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Integration and Control Technology for Intelligent Rehabilitation, School of Computer Science, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an, 710123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5157980852"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69850756,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.7695000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.7695000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.2168000042438507,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yolo11","display_name":"YOLOv11","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speckle-noise-robustness","display_name":"speckle noise robustness","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiscale-feature-fusion","display_name":"multi-scale feature fusion","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weak-target-detection","display_name":"weak target detection","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/background-clutter","display_name":"background clutter","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-efficiency","display_name":"computational efficiency","score":0.4650000035762787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110384440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143270","display_name":"Upsampling","level":3,"score":0.873199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7663999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7608000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6355000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6154999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6003000140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5745999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.5526000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4438999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4007999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.3880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.38199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69744172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860822","display_name":"Image fusion","level":3,"score":0.31349998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126422989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93586","display_name":"Feature detection (computer vision)","level":4,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989048297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930654","display_name":"Radar detection","level":3,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-74070-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-74070-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-74070-w","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-74070-w_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-74070-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-74070-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-74070-w","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-74070-w_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7221015609.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7221015609.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2588123883","https://openalex.org/W2921251704","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2980809500","https://openalex.org/W3012021689","https://openalex.org/W4297676427","https://openalex.org/W4319068900","https://openalex.org/W4323317274","https://openalex.org/W4392114268","https://openalex.org/W4402754006","https://openalex.org/W4404303854","https://openalex.org/W4406387950","https://openalex.org/W4407759488","https://openalex.org/W4408973308","https://openalex.org/W4412753512","https://openalex.org/W4414270438","https://openalex.org/W4415795219","https://openalex.org/W6948204681","https://openalex.org/W7123349045","https://openalex.org/W7154753596","https://openalex.org/W7161788690","https://openalex.org/W7161824242","https://openalex.org/W7163334624","https://openalex.org/W7164803724"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7163891660","https://openalex.org/W7161687375","https://openalex.org/W4413853820","https://openalex.org/W7221766555","https://openalex.org/W7165656911","https://openalex.org/W4402857887","https://openalex.org/W7167897286","https://openalex.org/W7155489585","https://openalex.org/W4417052393","https://openalex.org/W4412862736"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Object":[0],"detection":[1,172],"in":[2,18],"synthetic":[3,112],"aperture":[4],"radar":[5],"(SAR)":[6],"imagery":[7],"is":[8],"challenged":[9],"by":[10,178],"speckle":[11,114],"noise,":[12],"background":[13],"clutter,":[14],"and":[15,51,66,74,80,90,98,135,147,159,174],"large":[16],"variations":[17],"target":[19],"scale.":[20],"We":[21],"present":[22],"ASCE-SAR,":[23],"a":[24,122,179],"YOLO11-based":[25],"detector":[26],"that":[27],"coordinates":[28],"adaptive":[29],"shift-wise":[30],"downsampling":[31,50],"with":[32,43,156],"frequency-spatially":[33],"modulated":[34],"multi-scale":[35],"fusion.":[36],"In":[37,55],"the":[38,40,56,78,103,107,118,129,132,136,164],"backbone,":[39],"Adaptive":[41],"Downsampling":[42],"Shift-Wise":[44],"Convolution":[45],"(ADSC)":[46],"block":[47],"combines":[48],"structure-preserving":[49],"enlarged":[52],"receptive-field":[53],"modeling.":[54],"neck,":[57],"Dynamic":[58],"Shift-wise":[59],"Feature":[60],"Fusion":[61],"(DSFF)":[62],"uses":[63],"content-aware":[64],"resampling":[65],"frequency-spatial":[67],"modulation":[68],"to":[69,94,162],"improve":[70],"cross-scale":[71],"feature":[72],"alignment":[73],"weak-target":[75],"representation.":[76],"On":[77],"OGSOD-1.0":[79],"HRSID":[81],"test":[82],"sets,":[83],"ASCE-SAR":[84],"achieves":[85],"AP":[86],"values":[87],"of":[88,96],"59.9%":[89],"67.9%,":[91],"respectively,":[92],"corresponding":[93],"gains":[95],"7.1":[97],"1.8":[99],"percentage":[100],"points":[101],"over":[102,128],"YOLO11":[104],"Baseline":[105,130],"under":[106],"same":[108],"evaluation":[109],"protocol.":[110],"Under":[111],"Gamma":[113],"perturbations":[115],"on":[116],"HRSID,":[117],"full":[119,141],"model":[120,142],"retains":[121],"0.8\u20132.0":[123],"percentage-point":[124],"mAP":[125],"\\(_{50{:}95}\\)":[126],"advantage":[127],"across":[131],"clean":[133],"condition":[134],"evaluated":[137],"noise":[138],"levels.":[139],"The":[140],"contains":[143],"3.17":[144],"M":[145],"parameters":[146],"requires":[148],"14.94":[149],"GFLOPS;":[150],"its":[151],"profiling":[152],"results":[153,169],"are":[154],"reported":[155],"forward":[157],"latency":[158],"peak":[160],"memory":[161],"make":[163],"accuracy-cost":[165],"trade-off":[166],"explicit.":[167],"These":[168],"indicate":[170],"improved":[171],"accuracy":[173],"noise-perturbed":[175],"performance,":[176],"accompanied":[177],"measurable":[180],"computational":[181],"cost.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-10-09T00:00:00"}
