{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7221009735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.614724","title":"Multiple structured laser arrays via the superimposition of fork gratings in Nd:YAG","display_name":"Multiple structured laser arrays via the superimposition of fork gratings in Nd:YAG","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7221009735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.614724","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42963650"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/oe.614724","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.614724","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.614724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178776955","display_name":"Optics Express","issn_l":"1094-4087","issn":["1094-4087"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.614724","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123232129","display_name":"\u827e\u65af\u6587 Ai Siwen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siwen Ai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Modern Optics, National Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Laser, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Modern Optics, National Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Laser, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157932890","display_name":"Zhixiang Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhixiang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125901730","display_name":"\u8d3e\u66f0\u8fb0 Jia Yuechen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3852-7302","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3852-7302"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuechen Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3852-7302","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157925714","display_name":"Hongliang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0792-4284","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0792-4284"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongliang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Modern Optics, National Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Laser, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0792-4284","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Modern Optics, National Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Laser, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2270},"apc_paid":{"value":2270,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2270},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63673692,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"21","first_page":"39474","last_page":"39474"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10490","display_name":"Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics","score":0.31369999051094055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10490","display_name":"Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics","score":0.31369999051094055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11127","display_name":"Solid State Laser Technologies","score":0.29760000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10732","display_name":"Laser Material Processing Techniques","score":0.1517000049352646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structured-laser-beams","display_name":"structured laser beams","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nd-yag-crystal","display_name":"Nd:YAG crystal","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-vortex","display_name":"optical vortices","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topological-charge","display_name":"topological charge","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffraction-efficiency","display_name":"diffraction efficiency","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrated-photonics","display_name":"integrated photonics","score":0.8899999856948853}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.7976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143874112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7643452","display_name":"Superimposition","level":2,"score":0.6272000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193581530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q683778","display_name":"Structured light","level":2,"score":0.5949000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.453900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984025587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser beams","level":3,"score":0.444599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141349535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361664","display_name":"Laser scanning","level":3,"score":0.3790999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126753812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653294","display_name":"Diffraction grating","level":3,"score":0.3287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42067758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174102","display_name":"Refractive index","level":2,"score":0.29899999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777813233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1527816","display_name":"Grating","level":2,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166689943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850283","display_name":"Interferometry","level":2,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92423082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132146","display_name":"Zernike polynomials","level":3,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67649825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196538","display_name":"Microscope","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40523978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14675","display_name":"Fork (system call)","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1364/oe.614724","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.614724","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.614724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178776955","display_name":"Optics Express","issn_l":"1094-4087","issn":["1094-4087"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42963650","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42963650","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics express","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/oe.614724","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.614724","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.614724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178776955","display_name":"Optics Express","issn_l":"1094-4087","issn":["1094-4087"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optics Express","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2013674306","https://openalex.org/W2022549309","https://openalex.org/W2064371338","https://openalex.org/W2082820710","https://openalex.org/W2111540554","https://openalex.org/W2112903791","https://openalex.org/W2143308961","https://openalex.org/W2232160172","https://openalex.org/W2343093575","https://openalex.org/W2478359861","https://openalex.org/W2509601917","https://openalex.org/W2529724154","https://openalex.org/W2720906550","https://openalex.org/W2790937354","https://openalex.org/W2811350469","https://openalex.org/W2888802925","https://openalex.org/W2963419804","https://openalex.org/W2972900309","https://openalex.org/W2976466010","https://openalex.org/W3020351324","https://openalex.org/W3036687758","https://openalex.org/W3040524609","https://openalex.org/W3046138556","https://openalex.org/W3095399964","https://openalex.org/W3134575917","https://openalex.org/W3137788860","https://openalex.org/W4386435251","https://openalex.org/W4406715858","https://openalex.org/W4407613612","https://openalex.org/W4415302963","https://openalex.org/W4415348458"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386420647","https://openalex.org/W3137788860","https://openalex.org/W4281293267","https://openalex.org/W4226016341","https://openalex.org/W2080128691","https://openalex.org/W4297473200","https://openalex.org/W3166793339","https://openalex.org/W2094049470","https://openalex.org/W2087526183","https://openalex.org/W3105954374"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"report":[1],"the":[2,11,55,65,97,104,108,118],"generation":[3],"of":[4,13,35,40,57,76,92,140],"active":[5],"multiple":[6,51,93,127],"structured":[7,52,94,128],"beams":[8,53,59,95,129],"based":[9],"on":[10],"superimposition":[12,39],"fork":[14,36,41],"gratings":[15,42],"fabricated":[16],"by":[17,84,134],"femtosecond":[18],"direct":[19],"laser":[20,75],"writing":[21],"in":[22,64,96,101,147],"Nd:YAG":[23],"crystal.":[24],"The":[25,38,67,89],"integrated":[26,148],"structure":[27],"contains":[28],"a":[29,47,122],"cladding":[30],"waveguide":[31],"and":[32,107,138],"two":[33],"layers":[34],"gratings.":[37],"is":[43,100,111,139],"able":[44],"to":[45,125],"convert":[46],"Gaussian":[48],"beam":[49],"into":[50],"via":[54],"overlaying":[56],"vortex":[58],"with":[60,103,130],"opposite":[61],"topological":[62],"charges":[63],"array.":[66],"hybrid":[68],"waveguide-grating":[69,119],"architecture":[70],"has":[71],"achieved":[72],"an":[73,85],"output":[74],"milliwatt":[77],"level":[78],"at":[79],"1064":[80],"nm":[81,87],"under":[82],"pumping":[83],"808":[86],"laser.":[88],"intensity":[90],"distribution":[91],"far":[98],"field":[99],"accordance":[102],"theoretical":[105],"calculation,":[106],"diffraction":[109,132],"efficiency":[110],"nearly":[112],"40%.":[113],"Our":[114],"results":[115],"suggest":[116],"that":[117],"configuration":[120],"paves":[121],"convenient":[123],"way":[124],"generate":[126],"excellent":[131],"properties":[133],"subsequent":[135],"interference":[136],"forming":[137],"great":[141],"potential":[142],"for":[143],"optical-field":[144],"steering":[145],"applications":[146],"photonics.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-10-09T00:00:00"}
