{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220987887","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.08034","title":"Does Diffusive Shock Acceleration Reach Steady State? Insights from a Near-Sun Shock Observed by Parker Solar Probe","display_name":"Does Diffusive Shock Acceleration Reach Steady State? Insights from a Near-Sun Shock Observed by Parker Solar Probe","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220987887","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.08034"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.08034","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.08034","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.08034","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.08034","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084837027","display_name":"Immanuel Christopher Jebaraj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0606-7172","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0606-7172"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jebaraj, Immanuel Christopher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Turku , FI-20014 Turun yliopisto , Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Turku , FI-20014 Turun yliopisto , Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087272463","display_name":"Mikhail Malkov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6360-1987","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6360-1987"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148378","display_name":"Eureka Scientific","ror":"https://ror.org/04hx2r306","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148378"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malkov, Mikhail","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics , University of California , San Diego , La Jolla , CA 92093 , USA","Eureka Sci. , Oakland , CA , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics , University of California , San Diego , La Jolla , CA 92093 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eureka Sci. , Oakland , CA , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062579977","display_name":"Nicolas Wijsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6344-6956","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6344-6956"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wijsen, Nicolas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for mathematical Plasma Astrophysics , KU Leuven , 3001 Leuven , Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for mathematical Plasma Astrophysics , KU Leuven , 3001 Leuven , Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034817843","display_name":"O. V. Agapitov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6427-1596","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6427-1596"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189238007","display_name":"Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv","ror":"https://ror.org/02aaqv166","country_code":"UA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189238007"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405256501","display_name":"Space Sciences Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/048400679","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405256501","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["UA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Agapitov, Oleksiy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Astronomy and Space Physics Department , National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv , 03127 Kyiv , Ukraine","Space Sciences Laboratory , University of California , Berkeley , CA 94720 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Astronomy and Space Physics Department , National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv , 03127 Kyiv , Ukraine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189238007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Sciences Laboratory , University of California , Berkeley , CA 94720 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405256501","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106659098","display_name":"Athanasios Kouloumvakos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6589-4509","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6589-4509"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kouloumvakos, Athanasios","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129588645","display_name":"Afanasiev Alexandr N","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Afanasiev, Alexandr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Turku , FI-20014 Turun yliopisto , Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Turku , FI-20014 Turun yliopisto , Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018288171","display_name":"Federico Fraschetti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5456-4771","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5456-4771"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124175","display_name":"Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian","ror":"https://ror.org/03c3r2d17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103187081","https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210124175"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fraschetti, Federico","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , Cambridge , MA , 02138 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , Cambridge , MA , 02138 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124175"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061614812","display_name":"Edin Husidic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1349-3663","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1349-3663"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Husidic, Edin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Turku , FI-20014 Turun yliopisto , Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Turku , FI-20014 Turun yliopisto , Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157926143","display_name":"Christina Cohen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cohen, Christina","raw_affiliation_strings":["California Institute of Technology , 1260 E California Blvd , Pasadena , CA 91125 , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"California Institute of Technology , 1260 E California Blvd , Pasadena , CA 91125 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081622185","display_name":"Rami Vainio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3298-2067","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3298-2067"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vainio, Rami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Turku , FI-20014 Turun yliopisto , Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Turku , FI-20014 Turun yliopisto , Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10251","display_name":"Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10251","display_name":"Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10818","display_name":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffusive-shock-acceleration","display_name":"diffusive shock acceleration","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steady-state","display_name":"steady state","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interplanetary-shocks","display_name":"interplanetary shocks","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parker-solar-probe","display_name":"Parker Solar Probe","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wave-spectra","display_name":"wave spectrum","score":0.4620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mirror-force","display_name":"mirror force","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pitch-angle-scattering","display_name":"pitch angle scattering","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gyroresonance","display_name":"gyroresonance","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wave-growth","display_name":"wave growth","score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-confinement","display_name":"particle confinement","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-shocks","display_name":"parallel shocks","score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-wind","display_name":"solar wind","score":0.453000009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.8187999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70477161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190688","display_name":"Shock wave","level":2,"score":0.70169997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781300812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178061","display_name":"Shock (circulatory)","level":2,"score":0.6377000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168986899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756307","display_name":"Mean free path","level":3,"score":0.6100999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69357855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163214","display_name":"Diffusion","level":2,"score":0.5421000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.5277000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.5248000025749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.5152999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.5063999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8171440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903414","display_name":"Steady state (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.42489999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3707999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96819898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1118875","display_name":"Interplanetary medium","level":5,"score":0.3659000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75183268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140491","display_name":"Particle acceleration","level":3,"score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129045301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7144654","display_name":"Path length","level":2,"score":0.3492000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93038891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061524","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.34459999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.34150001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.3377000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86377145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6927154","display_name":"Moving shock","level":3,"score":0.32109999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194462397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q834235","display_name":"Interplanetary spaceflight","level":4,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54834619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131687","display_name":"Heliosphere","level":4,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132373408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7075180","display_name":"Oblique shock","level":3,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102988692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q619254","display_name":"Interplanetary magnetic field","level":4,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155991500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4950685","display_name":"Bow shock (aerodynamics)","level":3,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4839761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212111","display_name":"Spectral line","level":2,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120456961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Light scattering","level":3,"score":0.26589998602867126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.08034","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.08034","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.08034","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2610.08034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.08034","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.08034","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.08034","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.08034","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.08034","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4350569901","display_name":"Cross-Scale Processes in Charged Particle Injection and Acceleration at Traveling Shocks","funder_award_id":"1295826N","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","funder_display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/03qtxy027"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220987887.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220987887.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7203450644","https://openalex.org/W7220923776","https://openalex.org/W4388834096","https://openalex.org/W1990556791","https://openalex.org/W2075458178","https://openalex.org/W3094320870","https://openalex.org/W1655857356","https://openalex.org/W2013994742","https://openalex.org/W4413686429","https://openalex.org/W1589966552"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Collisionless":[0],"shocks":[1],"accelerate":[2],"particles":[3,14,194],"at":[4,53,140],"a":[5,48,151,175],"rate":[6],"set":[7],"by":[8],"the":[9,62,66,72,78,84,100,106,111,114,130,136,157,162,181,184,190,204],"diffusion":[10],"coefficient":[11,23,159],"of":[12,47,89,105,153,177,183,189],"those":[13],"in":[15,25,94,97],"waves":[16,64,163,191],"they":[17,68],"themselves":[18],"generate.":[19],"Theory":[20],"fixes":[21],"that":[22,39,117],"only":[24],"steady":[26,131,137],"state,":[27],"and":[28,65,96,171],"no":[29],"measurement":[30],"has":[31],"tested":[32],"whether":[33],"an":[34,206],"evolving":[35,207],"shock":[36,52,185,208],"ever":[37],"reaches":[38],"state.":[40],"We":[41],"report":[42],"Parker":[43],"Solar":[44],"Probe":[45],"observations":[46],"fast,":[49],"near-parallel":[50],"interplanetary":[51],"0.24":[54],"au,":[55],"encountered":[56],"four":[57],"hours":[58],"after":[59],"eruption,":[60],"with":[61,126],"upstream":[63],"protons":[67],"scatter":[69],"recorded":[70],"on":[71],"same":[73],"magnetic":[74],"field":[75],"line.":[76],"From":[77],"wave":[79],"spectra":[80],"alone":[81],"we":[82],"derive":[83],"parallel":[85],"mean":[86,122],"free":[87,123],"path":[88,124],"0.05-30":[90],"MeV":[91],"protons,":[92],"resolved":[93],"energy":[95,142,205],"distance":[98,127],"from":[99],"shock.":[101],"The":[102,121,147,187],"mirror":[103],"force":[104],"measured":[107,158],"compressive":[108],"fluctuations":[109],"supplies":[110],"scattering":[112],"through":[113],"pitch":[115],"angles":[116],"gyroresonance":[118],"cannot":[119],"reach.":[120],"grows":[125],"nearly":[128],"as":[129],"self-generated":[132],"solution":[133],"requires,":[134],"yet":[135],"balance":[138],"holds":[139],"one":[141],"only,":[143],"near":[144],"1.3":[145],"MeV.":[146],"intensity":[148],"profiles":[149],"are":[150,164],"factor":[152,176],"two":[154,178],"shallower":[155],"than":[156,197],"predicts,":[160],"because":[161],"still":[165],"growing.":[166],"Confinement":[167],"fails":[168],"between":[169],"2.3":[170],"6":[172],"MeV,":[173],"beginning":[174],"below":[179],"what":[180],"age":[182,199],"allows.":[186],"growth":[188],"its":[192,198,201],"own":[193],"drive,":[195],"rather":[196],"or":[200],"size,":[202],"limits":[203],"confines.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-10-09T00:00:00"}