{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220977296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/th3r2_v1","title":"Do \u2018tortured phrases\u2019 exist in the psychology literature, and are there psychology-specific \u2018tortured phrases\u2019?","display_name":"Do \u2018tortured phrases\u2019 exist in the psychology literature, and are there psychology-specific \u2018tortured phrases\u2019?","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220977296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/th3r2_v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/th3r2_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/th3r2_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/th3r2_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/th3r2_v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088355228","display_name":"Patrick J Nebl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7815-1963","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7815-1963"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Nebl","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7815-1963","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035971812","display_name":"Mark G. McCoy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0447-8610","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0447-8610"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark G McCoy","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0447-8610","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157909521","display_name":"Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11492","display_name":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","score":0.8633000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11492","display_name":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","score":0.8633000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13284","display_name":"Psychology Research and Bibliometrics","score":0.06289999932050705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12648","display_name":"Academic Writing and Publishing","score":0.022700000554323196,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3309","display_name":"Library and Information Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tortured-phrases","display_name":"tortured phrases","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-terminology","display_name":"psychological terminology","score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retracted-article","display_name":"retracted article","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paraphrasing","display_name":"paraphrase","score":0.48899999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-rigor","display_name":"scientific rigor","score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replication-crisis","display_name":"replication crisis","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-integrity","display_name":"scientific integrity","score":0.32499998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assessment-tools","display_name":"assessment instruments","score":0.32100000977516174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6417999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168557263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932219","display_name":"Forensic psychology","level":2,"score":0.5182999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4458000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101068787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q475042","display_name":"Experimental psychology","level":3,"score":0.43849998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3937999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188255311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256388","display_name":"Psychological research","level":2,"score":0.3882000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992048920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256367","display_name":"Psychological science","level":2,"score":0.383899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.3813000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3625999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3325999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.32589998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781083858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17327049","display_name":"Scientific literature","level":2,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.310699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71008984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2890076","display_name":"Rigour","level":2,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992915469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2465832","display_name":"Scientific field","level":3,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12590798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3933199","display_name":"Replication (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776289542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q261215","display_name":"History of psychology","level":2,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9860388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1987782","display_name":"Abnormal psychology","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42608841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2688000","display_name":"Psychology of science","level":2,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/th3r2_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/th3r2_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/th3r2_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/th3r2_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/th3r2_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/th3r2_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4404552121","https://openalex.org/W7205832651","https://openalex.org/W4403102464","https://openalex.org/W7152422102","https://openalex.org/W4389130315","https://openalex.org/W2890710714","https://openalex.org/W4394915235","https://openalex.org/W4226144286","https://openalex.org/W2756533430","https://openalex.org/W7001038666"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Objectives:":[0],"The":[1,67,150,175],"psychology":[2,47,61,205],"literature":[3,48,206],"is":[4,190],"occasionally":[5],"quoted":[6],"as":[7],"being":[8],"in":[9,37,147,204,207,217],"a":[10,103,107],"replication":[11],"crisis":[12],"due":[13],"to":[14,17,43,60,94,135,159,170,183,200,209],"the":[15,73,123,179,212,218],"inability":[16],"replicate":[18],"key":[19],"findings":[20],"caused":[21],"by":[22,114],"either":[23],"integrity":[24],"issues,":[25],"or":[26],"weak":[27],"scientific":[28,213],"protocols.":[29],"This":[30],"paper":[31],"focuses":[32],"on":[33],"an":[34],"unexplored":[35],"topic":[36],"psychological":[38,118],"science,":[39],"\u2018tortured":[40,112,129,142,165],"phrases\u2019,":[41,113],"first":[42],"appreciate":[44],"whether":[45,137],"any":[46,138],"might":[49,144],"contain":[50],"such":[51],"ambiguous":[52],"terms,":[53,156],"even":[54],"if":[55],"they":[56],"are":[57],"not":[58],"related":[59],"per":[62],"se.":[63],"Methods":[64],"and":[65,214],"Results:":[66],"Tortured":[68],"Phrases":[69],"Detector":[70],"(TPD)":[71],"of":[72,89,139,178,220],"Problematic":[74],"Paper":[75],"Screener":[76],"revealed":[77],"36":[78],"journal":[79],"articles":[80],"(including":[81],"one":[82,163],"proceedings":[83],"paper)":[84],"with":[85,122,153],"tortured":[86,202],"phrases,":[87],"14":[88],"which":[90],"have":[91],"been":[92],"retracted":[93],"date":[95],"(10":[96],"October":[97],"2025).":[98],"We":[99,131],"then":[100],"induced,":[101],"using":[102],"free":[104],"online":[105],"paraphraser,":[106],"novel":[108],"methodology":[109,180],"for":[110],"detecting":[111],"converting":[115],"50":[116,155],"standard":[117],"terms":[119],"that":[120,193],"started":[121],"letter":[124],"\u201cA\u201d":[125],"into":[126],"purposefully":[127],"created":[128,141],"phrases\u2019.":[130],"employed":[132],"Google":[133],"Scholar":[134],"detect":[136,160,201],"these":[140],"phrases\u2019":[143],"actually":[145],"exist":[146],"published":[148],"literature.":[149],"second":[151],"method,":[152],"only":[154],"was":[157,181],"able":[158],"at":[161],"least":[162],"potential":[164],"phrase\u2019":[166],"(\u201cevaluation":[167],"utensil\u201d":[168],"used":[169],"represent":[171],"\u201cassessment":[172],"instrument\u201d).":[173],"Conclusions:":[174],"exploratory":[176],"nature":[177],"prone":[182],"false":[184],"positives":[185],"but":[186],"had":[187],"success.":[188],"It":[189],"our":[191],"hope":[192],"this":[194],"study":[195],"will":[196],"inspire":[197],"further":[198,210],"attempts":[199],"phrases":[203],"order":[208],"increase":[211],"ethical":[215],"rigor":[216],"field":[219],"psychology.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-10-09T00:00:00"}