{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220959618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110952","title":"Sustainable metal extraction and recovery using amino acid-based leaching systems: A review approach","display_name":"Sustainable metal extraction and recovery using amino acid-based leaching systems: A review approach","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220959618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110952"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110952","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110952","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110952","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892687526008964/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S181849944","display_name":"Minerals Engineering","issn_l":"0892-6875","issn":["0892-6875","1872-9444"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Minerals Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892687526008964/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007109924","display_name":"Anthony Tapfuma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5401-8837","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5401-8837"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17948180","display_name":"Mintek","ror":"https://ror.org/05snt2t16","country_code":"ZA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17948180"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Tapfuma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hydrometallurgy Division, Private Bag X3015, Mintek 2125, Randburg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hydrometallurgy Division, Private Bag X3015, Mintek 2125, Randburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17948180"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061111201","display_name":"Phakamile Ndlovu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0705-8200","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0705-8200"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17948180","display_name":"Mintek","ror":"https://ror.org/05snt2t16","country_code":"ZA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17948180"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phakamile Ndlovu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hydrometallurgy Division, Private Bag X3015, Mintek 2125, Randburg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0705-8200","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hydrometallurgy Division, Private Bag X3015, Mintek 2125, Randburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17948180"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057281235","display_name":"Nomcebo Happiness Mthombeni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8156-171X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8156-171X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177181097","display_name":"Durban University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0303y7a51","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177181097"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nomcebo H Mthombeni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177181097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120833242","display_name":"John Mpinga Kabangu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17948180","display_name":"Mintek","ror":"https://ror.org/05snt2t16","country_code":"ZA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17948180"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John M Kabangu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hydrometallurgy Division, Private Bag X3015, Mintek 2125, Randburg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hydrometallurgy Division, Private Bag X3015, Mintek 2125, Randburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17948180"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082485065","display_name":"Edson Kugara Chiwandika","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6183-0460","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6183-0460"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154237","display_name":"Scientific and Industrial Research and Development Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/04d3kxm45","country_code":"ZW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154237"]}],"countries":["ZW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edson K. Chiwandika","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polymer and Material Science Institute, Scientific and Industrial Research and Development Centre, 1574 Alpes Road, Hatcliffe, Harare, Zimbabwe"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polymer and Material Science Institute, Scientific and Industrial Research and Development Centre, 1574 Alpes Road, Hatcliffe, Harare, Zimbabwe","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154237"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044539437","display_name":"Natsayi Chiwaye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4006-3279","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4006-3279"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","ror":"https://ror.org/03rp50x72","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natsayi Chiwaye","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Es\u2019kia Mphahlele Building, Cnr Bertha & Jorissen Streets, Johannesburg. Private Bag 3, Wits, Braamfontein 2050, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4006-3279","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Es\u2019kia Mphahlele Building, Cnr Bertha & Jorissen Streets, Johannesburg. Private Bag 3, Wits, Braamfontein 2050, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060059394","display_name":"Gebhu Ndlovu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7292-4961","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7292-4961"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17948180","display_name":"Mintek","ror":"https://ror.org/05snt2t16","country_code":"ZA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17948180"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gebhu Ndlovu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hydrometallurgy Division, Private Bag X3015, Mintek 2125, Randburg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7292-4961","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hydrometallurgy Division, Private Bag X3015, Mintek 2125, Randburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17948180"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045459186","display_name":"Elmar Muller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2265-4120","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2265-4120"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17948180","display_name":"Mintek","ror":"https://ror.org/05snt2t16","country_code":"ZA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17948180"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elmar Muller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hydrometallurgy Division, Private Bag X3015, Mintek 2125, Randburg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2265-4120","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hydrometallurgy Division, Private Bag X3015, Mintek 2125, Randburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17948180"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007109924"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17948180"],"apc_list":{"value":4220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4220},"apc_paid":{"value":4220,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4220},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"250","issue":null,"first_page":"110952","last_page":"110952"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11091","display_name":"Extraction and Separation Processes","score":0.8490999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2506","display_name":"Metals and Alloys"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11091","display_name":"Extraction and Separation Processes","score":0.8490999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2506","display_name":"Metals and Alloys"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11073","display_name":"Metal Extraction and Bioleaching","score":0.149399995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2506","display_name":"Metals and Alloys"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11936","display_name":"Chemical and Physical Properties in Aqueous Solutions","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1506","display_name":"Filtration and Separation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metal-extraction","display_name":"metal extraction","score":0.5320000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metal-recovery","display_name":"metal recovery","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrometallurgy","display_name":"hydrometallurgy","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycine","display_name":"glycine","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glutamate","display_name":"glutamate","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cysteine","display_name":"cysteine","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histidine","display_name":"histidine","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxidant-selection","display_name":"oxidant selection","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secondary-resources","display_name":"secondary resources","score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-waste","display_name":"electronic waste","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spent-catalysts","display_name":"spent catalysts","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-recycling","display_name":"battery recycling","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copper-oxide","display_name":"copper oxide","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precious-metals","display_name":"precious metals","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reagent-recycling","display_name":"reagent recycling","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaching-kinetics","display_name":"leaching kinetics","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circular-economy","display_name":"circular economy","score":0.5070000290870667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90982505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16938886","display_name":"Leaching (pedology)","level":3,"score":0.7581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4725764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844704","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.5343000292778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.47870001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.4595000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.45680001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544153396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11426","display_name":"Metal","level":2,"score":0.40149998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172816927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640302","display_name":"Hydrometallurgy","level":3,"score":0.36820000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.34790000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992805683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866399","display_name":"Solvent extraction","level":3,"score":0.3411000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.3325999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.32330000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11847115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2084299","display_name":"Extractive metallurgy","level":2,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98380375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864460","display_name":"Bioleaching","level":3,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776053758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105789","display_name":"Heavy metals","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110952","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110952","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110952","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892687526008964/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S181849944","display_name":"Minerals Engineering","issn_l":"0892-6875","issn":["0892-6875","1872-9444"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Minerals Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110952","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110952","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2026.110952","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892687526008964/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S181849944","display_name":"Minerals Engineering","issn_l":"0892-6875","issn":["0892-6875","1872-9444"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Minerals Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.8799999952316284}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310056","display_name":"Mintek","ror":"https://ror.org/05snt2t16"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220959618.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220959618.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":114,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W151458897","https://openalex.org/W1529683530","https://openalex.org/W1977934622","https://openalex.org/W1981548035","https://openalex.org/W1983378293","https://openalex.org/W1984156030","https://openalex.org/W1996234452","https://openalex.org/W1999008656","https://openalex.org/W2002527825","https://openalex.org/W2011431870","https://openalex.org/W2016520102","https://openalex.org/W2035525880","https://openalex.org/W2037945934","https://openalex.org/W2038933786","https://openalex.org/W2041979660","https://openalex.org/W2045835277","https://openalex.org/W2046695132","https://openalex.org/W2052625435","https://openalex.org/W2061678176","https://openalex.org/W2073320186","https://openalex.org/W2076154596","https://openalex.org/W2080867963","https://openalex.org/W2155752688","https://openalex.org/W2221483573","https://openalex.org/W2287413329","https://openalex.org/W2325288941","https://openalex.org/W2340050987","https://openalex.org/W2587990850","https://openalex.org/W2592332900","https://openalex.org/W2616223905","https://openalex.org/W2731666012","https://openalex.org/W2756286874","https://openalex.org/W2766019514","https://openalex.org/W2782143329","https://openalex.org/W2784247243","https://openalex.org/W2789389067","https://openalex.org/W2793289815","https://openalex.org/W2799979543","https://openalex.org/W2801310338","https://openalex.org/W2810472956","https://openalex.org/W2899386242","https://openalex.org/W2957194363","https://openalex.org/W2967563199","https://openalex.org/W2967704503","https://openalex.org/W2971602330","https://openalex.org/W2981987221","https://openalex.org/W2986276134","https://openalex.org/W2994785356","https://openalex.org/W3003930496","https://openalex.org/W3009323585","https://openalex.org/W3011351114","https://openalex.org/W3024882414","https://openalex.org/W3081913217","https://openalex.org/W3085475105","https://openalex.org/W3089277008","https://openalex.org/W3106703247","https://openalex.org/W3110699527","https://openalex.org/W3127086828","https://openalex.org/W3129784381","https://openalex.org/W3135811389","https://openalex.org/W3165867963","https://openalex.org/W3192151797","https://openalex.org/W3199383750","https://openalex.org/W3213100073","https://openalex.org/W3215497974","https://openalex.org/W4220902269","https://openalex.org/W4221003320","https://openalex.org/W4224213533","https://openalex.org/W4239595052","https://openalex.org/W4280615464","https://openalex.org/W4283016682","https://openalex.org/W4292360035","https://openalex.org/W4293213543","https://openalex.org/W4303983207","https://openalex.org/W4310796466","https://openalex.org/W4312173248","https://openalex.org/W4312204523","https://openalex.org/W4313530021","https://openalex.org/W4313886862","https://openalex.org/W4315701534","https://openalex.org/W4319321045","https://openalex.org/W4319881184","https://openalex.org/W4320473030","https://openalex.org/W4320474637","https://openalex.org/W4377287131","https://openalex.org/W4380362626","https://openalex.org/W4382196033","https://openalex.org/W4386866336","https://openalex.org/W4391303499","https://openalex.org/W4391345371","https://openalex.org/W4391627257","https://openalex.org/W4399292835","https://openalex.org/W4399862791","https://openalex.org/W4400642747","https://openalex.org/W4402093553","https://openalex.org/W4402747498","https://openalex.org/W4403013415","https://openalex.org/W4403299622","https://openalex.org/W4403837419","https://openalex.org/W4406247566","https://openalex.org/W4406296289","https://openalex.org/W4407302063","https://openalex.org/W4408313140","https://openalex.org/W4410956843","https://openalex.org/W4412465744","https://openalex.org/W4412841558","https://openalex.org/W4412988396","https://openalex.org/W4413278983","https://openalex.org/W4414499154","https://openalex.org/W4416281117","https://openalex.org/W4416319299","https://openalex.org/W4416556353","https://openalex.org/W4416914723","https://openalex.org/W7081912367"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312204523","https://openalex.org/W7166807505","https://openalex.org/W2801022772","https://openalex.org/W2013572933","https://openalex.org/W7203705879","https://openalex.org/W7140169038","https://openalex.org/W2507534474","https://openalex.org/W4408313140","https://openalex.org/W4409481591","https://openalex.org/W4394863681"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Amino":[0],"acid-based":[1],"lixiviants":[2,251],"are":[3,198],"emerging":[4],"as":[5,181],"credible":[6],"alternatives":[7],"to":[8,79],"cyanide":[9],"and":[10,45,54,76,88,101,118,147,156,167,201,211,219,231,245,258,262],"strong":[11],"mineral":[12,137],"acids":[13,83,104],"for":[14,52,153,164,190],"sustainable":[15],"hydrometallurgy,":[16],"yet":[17],"their":[18,115],"industrial":[19],"relevance":[20],"depends":[21],"on":[22],"more":[23],"than":[24,186],"demonstrating":[25,173],"individual":[26],"leaching":[27,63,177,270],"recoveries.":[28],"This":[29],"review":[30,94],"critically":[31],"evaluates":[32],"how":[33],"amino":[34,82,103,175,239,249],"acid":[35,176,240,250],"chemistry,":[36],"metal\u2013ligand":[37],"complex":[38],"stability,":[39],"oxidant":[40,232],"selection,":[41],"mineralogy,":[42],"downstream":[43],"recovery":[44,148,237],"reagent":[46,209,221],"recycling":[47],"collectively":[48],"determine":[49],"process":[50,275],"performance":[51,133],"base":[53],"precious":[55,168],"metals.":[56],"Unlike":[57],"earlier":[58],"summaries":[59],"that":[60,96,174],"mainly":[61],"catalogue":[62],"studies,":[64],"this":[65],"article":[66],"integrates":[67],"evidence":[68],"from":[69,268],"primary":[70],"ores,":[71],"tailings,":[72],"electronic":[73],"waste,":[74],"batteries":[75],"spent":[77],"catalysts":[78],"identify":[80],"where":[81,89,205],"offer":[84],"genuine":[85],"technical":[86],"advantages":[87],"important":[90,254],"limitations":[91],"remain.":[92],"The":[93,193],"shows":[95],"glycine,":[97],"glutamate,":[98],"cysteine,":[99],"histidine":[100],"related":[102],"can":[105,215],"provide":[106],"selective":[107],"metal":[108,123,260],"dissolution":[109],"under":[110],"mild":[111],"alkaline":[112],"conditions":[113],"because":[114],"amine,":[116],"carboxylate":[117],"side-chain":[119],"donor":[120],"groups":[121],"stabilise":[122],"ions":[124],"in":[125,170],"solution":[126],"while":[127],"suppressing":[128],"many":[129],"gangue":[130],"reactions.":[131],"However,":[132],"varies":[134],"strongly":[135],"with":[136,161],"type,":[138],"oxidative":[139],"pathway,":[140],"pulp":[141],"density,":[142],"pyrite":[143],"content,":[144],"ligand":[145,230],"concentration":[146],"method.":[149],"High":[150],"recoveries":[151],"reported":[152],"copper":[154],"oxides":[155],"selected":[157],"secondary":[158,199],"resources":[159,200],"contrast":[160],"slower":[162,217],"kinetics":[163,218],"refractory":[165],"sulphides":[166],"metals":[169],"cyanide-free":[171],"systems,":[172],"should":[178],"be":[179],"viewed":[180],"a":[182,187],"feed-specific":[183],"platform":[184],"rather":[185],"universal":[188],"replacement":[189],"established":[191],"lixiviants.":[192],"most":[194],"promising":[195],"near-term":[196],"opportunities":[197],"environmentally":[202],"sensitive":[203],"operations":[204],"selectivity,":[206],"low":[207],"toxicity,":[208],"recyclability":[210],"reduced":[212],"effluent":[213],"burdens":[214],"offset":[216],"higher":[220],"cost.":[222],"Key":[223],"research":[224,266],"priorities":[225],"include":[226],"mechanistic":[227],"kinetic":[228],"modelling,":[229],"optimisation,":[233],"high-solid-density":[234],"testing,":[235],"integrated":[236],"flowsheets,":[238],"degradation":[241],"control,":[242],"techno-economic":[243],"analysis":[244],"pilot-scale":[246],"validation.":[247],"Overall,":[248],"represent":[252],"an":[253],"pathway":[255],"toward":[256,272],"circular":[257],"lower-impact":[259],"extraction":[261],"recovery,":[263],"provided":[264],"future":[265],"moves":[267],"descriptive":[269],"demonstrations":[271],"integrated,":[273],"mechanism-based":[274],"design.":[276]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-10-09T00:00:00"}