{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220956515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.14744/cpr.2026.49499","title":"Histopathological Imaging and Artificial Intelligence for Cancer Diagnosis and Gleason Grading: A Brief Review of Prostate Cancer","display_name":"Histopathological Imaging and Artificial Intelligence for Cancer Diagnosis and Gleason Grading: A Brief Review of Prostate Cancer","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220956515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.14744/cpr.2026.49499","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42953790","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13715661"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.14744/cpr.2026.49499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.14744/cpr.2026.49499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.14744/cpr.2026.49499","pdf_url":"https://jcpres.com/storage/upload/pdfs/1791460359-en.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193870","display_name":"Journal of Clinical Practice and Research","issn_l":"2149-2549","issn":["2149-2549","2149-2247","2980-2156"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","poland-20","tr-dizin"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318429","host_organization_name":"KARE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318429"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["KARE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Clinical Practice and Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://jcpres.com/storage/upload/pdfs/1791460359-en.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042577715","display_name":"Fatma Lati\u0307fo\u011flu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2018-9616","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2018-9616","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-7537"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87673952","display_name":"Erciyes University","ror":"https://ror.org/047g8vk19","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87673952"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fatma Latifo\u011flu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2018-9616","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87673952"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004424417","display_name":"Arzu Han\u0131m YAY","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0541-8372","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0541-8372"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87673952","display_name":"Erciyes University","ror":"https://ror.org/047g8vk19","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87673952"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arzu Han\u0131m Yay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0541-8372","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87673952"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007215914","display_name":"F\u0131rat Orhanbulucu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4558-9667","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4558-9667"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20126385","display_name":"Inonu University","ror":"https://ror.org/04asck240","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20126385"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F\u0131rat Orhan Bulucu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc University, Malatya, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4558-9667","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc University, Malatya, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20126385"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042577715"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87673952"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5497561,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"48","first_page":"477","last_page":"477"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10124","display_name":"Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2748","display_name":"Urology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prostate-cancer","display_name":"prostate cancer","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gleason-grading","display_name":"Gleason grading","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histopathological-images","display_name":"histopathological images","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-aided-diagnosis","display_name":"computer-aided diagnosis","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"deep learning","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"machine learning","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-preprocessing","display_name":"image preprocessing","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"feature extraction","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer-detection","display_name":"cancer detection","score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-pathology","display_name":"digital pathology","score":0.4169999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780192828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181257","display_name":"Prostate cancer","level":3,"score":0.839900016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7135999798774719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.5892000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776235491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9625","display_name":"Prostate","level":3,"score":0.5557000041007996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.38679999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.3564999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.33739998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.3221000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985322473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044843","display_name":"Cancer detection","level":3,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143409427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777522853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276128","display_name":"Digital pathology","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2547000050544739}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.14744/cpr.2026.49499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.14744/cpr.2026.49499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.14744/cpr.2026.49499","pdf_url":"https://jcpres.com/storage/upload/pdfs/1791460359-en.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193870","display_name":"Journal of Clinical Practice and Research","issn_l":"2149-2549","issn":["2149-2549","2149-2247","2980-2156"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","poland-20","tr-dizin"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318429","host_organization_name":"KARE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318429"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["KARE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Clinical Practice and Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13715661","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13715661/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13715661/pdf/JCPR-48-477.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Clin Pract Res","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42953790","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42953790","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of clinical practice and research","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.14744/cpr.2026.49499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.14744/cpr.2026.49499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.14744/cpr.2026.49499","pdf_url":"https://jcpres.com/storage/upload/pdfs/1791460359-en.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193870","display_name":"Journal of Clinical Practice and Research","issn_l":"2149-2549","issn":["2149-2549","2149-2247","2980-2156"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","poland-20","tr-dizin"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318429","host_organization_name":"KARE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318429"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["KARE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Clinical Practice and Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9763000011444092,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220956515.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220956515.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4404816827","https://openalex.org/W3142507299","https://openalex.org/W4414463490","https://openalex.org/W4387960438","https://openalex.org/W4403853654","https://openalex.org/W3157896304","https://openalex.org/W7134888680","https://openalex.org/W4403001595","https://openalex.org/W4414514528","https://openalex.org/W4414683159"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Objective:":[0],"Prostate":[1],"cancer,":[2],"one":[3],"of":[4,82,109,129,155,178],"the":[5,75,101,107,110,126,201],"most":[6],"common":[7],"cancers":[8],"affecting":[9],"men's":[10],"health":[11,23],"worldwide,":[12],"ranks":[13],"second":[14],"among":[15],"cancer-related":[16],"deaths.":[17],"Therefore,":[18],"it":[19],"represents":[20],"a":[21,140,164,170],"critical":[22],"issue,":[24],"and":[25,32,42,52,57,68,87,123,166,172,199],"early":[26],"diagnosis":[27],"is":[28,158],"crucial.":[29],"Several":[30],"imaging":[31],"analytical":[33],"methods":[34,90],"are":[35],"used":[36],"to":[37,85,106,185],"diagnose":[38],"this":[39,73],"condition.":[40],"Materials":[41],"Methods:":[43],"This":[44,175],"study":[45],"focuses":[46],"on":[47,62,146],"research":[48,137],"conducted":[49],"between":[50],"2021":[51],"2025":[53],"that":[54,91],"analyzes,":[55],"diagnoses,":[56],"grades":[58],"prostate":[59,95,115,147,160,187],"cancer":[60,96,116,148,161,188],"based":[61],"histopathological":[63,150,179],"images":[64,180],"using":[65,149],"machine":[66],"learning":[67,70],"deep":[69],"algorithms.":[71],"In":[72],"context,":[74],"reviewed":[76,111],"studies":[77,144],"also":[78],"include":[79],"an":[80],"analysis":[81,177],"findings":[83,108,138],"related":[84],"preprocessing":[86],"feature":[88],"extraction":[89],"may":[92],"aid":[93],"in":[94,195],"detection,":[97],"as":[98,100],"well":[99],"classifiers":[102],"used.":[103],"Results:":[104],"According":[105],"studies,":[112],"artificial":[113,156],"intelligence-supported":[114],"detection":[117],"systems":[118],"demonstrate":[119],"high":[120],"clinical":[121,196],"performance":[122],"significantly":[124],"improve":[125],"diagnostic":[127],"accuracy":[128],"pathologists":[130],"by":[131],"enabling":[132],"rapid":[133],"diagnosis.":[134],"The":[135,153],"presented":[136],"indicate":[139],"need":[141],"for":[142,203],"comprehensive":[143],"focusing":[145],"images.":[151],"Conclusion:":[152],"integration":[154],"intelligence":[157],"transforming":[159],"pathology":[162],"from":[163],"traditional":[165],"subjective":[167],"process":[168],"into":[169],"data-driven":[171],"standardized":[173],"framework.":[174],"systematic":[176],"will":[181],"make":[182],"significant":[183],"contributions":[184],"future":[186],"research,":[189],"help":[190],"achieve":[191],"more":[192],"reliable":[193],"results":[194],"decision-making":[197],"processes,":[198],"lay":[200],"groundwork":[202],"personalized":[204],"medicine.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2026-10-09T00:00:00"}
