{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220949285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.08017","title":"Scope-Restricted Backtracking Counterfactuals","display_name":"Scope-Restricted Backtracking Counterfactuals","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220949285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.08017"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.08017","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.08017","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.08017","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.08017","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026010899","display_name":"Johan de Aguas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0862-8210","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0862-8210"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I144648426","display_name":"Norwegian Computing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02gm7te43","country_code":"NO","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I144648426"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"de Aguas, Johan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Computing Center , Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Computing Center , Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I144648426"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024472827","display_name":"Martin Jullum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3908-5155","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3908-5155"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I144648426","display_name":"Norwegian Computing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02gm7te43","country_code":"NO","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I144648426"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jullum, Martin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Computing Center , Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Computing Center , Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I144648426"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I144648426"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.5609999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.5609999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.4088999927043915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.015399999916553497,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compatibility-conditions","display_name":"compatibility conditions","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-gaussian-models","display_name":"linear Gaussian models","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uci-adult-dataset","display_name":"UCI Adult dataset","score":0.5609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-explanations","display_name":"counterfactual explanations","score":0.6140000224113464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156884757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798554","display_name":"Backtracking","level":2,"score":0.8452000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71889745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783264","display_name":"Counterfactual conditional","level":3,"score":0.6703000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5051000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49630001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4011000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.3986999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3822000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123556308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484761","display_name":"Philosophy of language","level":3,"score":0.37220001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.36660000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39613435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846677","display_name":"Remainder","level":2,"score":0.3379000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59656382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191536","display_name":"Conjunction (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.25519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162838799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q596077","display_name":"Counterexample","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.08017","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.08017","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.08017","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2610.08017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.08017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.08017","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.08017","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.08017","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.08017","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4008378608","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"332645","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/00epmv149"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220949285.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220949285.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2114089531","https://openalex.org/W2169315100","https://openalex.org/W2170537801","https://openalex.org/W2670253439","https://openalex.org/W2732494376","https://openalex.org/W2765204106","https://openalex.org/W2891340972","https://openalex.org/W2945295328","https://openalex.org/W2973319951","https://openalex.org/W2998275867","https://openalex.org/W3033796173","https://openalex.org/W3093469769","https://openalex.org/W4225150645","https://openalex.org/W4308434051","https://openalex.org/W4393089855","https://openalex.org/W4400461591","https://openalex.org/W4404652942","https://openalex.org/W4416344167","https://openalex.org/W7172307281"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4400694907","https://openalex.org/W4308022457","https://openalex.org/W6928827059","https://openalex.org/W4309756665","https://openalex.org/W1561260487","https://openalex.org/W4243831021","https://openalex.org/W6922263981","https://openalex.org/W2295747956","https://openalex.org/W2515777559","https://openalex.org/W2399976338"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Interventional":[0],"counterfactuals":[1,24],"evaluate":[2],"statements":[3],"such":[4],"as":[5],"\"had":[6],"$A$":[7,15],"been":[8],"$a$\"":[9],"by":[10,167],"replacing":[11],"the":[12,18,30,67,75,84,88,95,151,163,168],"assignment":[13],"for":[14,44,105,114],"while":[16,74,90,147],"keeping":[17],"unit's":[19],"exogenous":[20,56],"background":[21,36],"fixed.":[22],"Backtracking":[23],"reverse":[25],"this":[26,127],"logic:":[27],"they":[28],"preserve":[29],"structural":[31],"assignments":[32],"and":[33,119,122,142,159],"instead":[34],"vary":[35,73],"conditions":[37,124],"across":[38,79,145],"worlds.":[39,80],"This":[40],"semantics":[41],"is":[42,165],"natural":[43],"diagnostic":[45],"explanation,":[46],"but":[47],"full":[48],"backtracking":[49,63,108],"may":[50,72],"be":[51],"too":[52],"permissive":[53],"because":[54],"every":[55],"coordinate":[57],"can":[58],"vary.":[59],"We":[60,101],"introduce":[61],"scope-restricted":[62,107],"counterfactuals,":[64,109],"in":[65],"which":[66,70,126],"modeler":[68],"specifies":[69],"coordinates":[71],"remainder":[76],"are":[77],"shared":[78],"The":[81],"scope":[82],"determines":[83],"admissible":[85],"carriers":[86],"of":[87,97,162],"contrast,":[89],"a":[91,115,131],"cross-world":[92,169],"kernel":[93,156],"governs":[94],"plausibility":[96],"their":[98],"alternative":[99],"values.":[100],"present":[102],"model-based":[103],"inference":[104],"general":[106],"derive":[110],"sharp":[111],"marginal":[112],"bounds":[113],"specified":[116],"explanatory":[117,128],"query,":[118],"establish":[120],"frontier":[121],"compatibility":[123],"under":[125],"query":[129],"admits":[130],"modified-value":[132],"policy":[133],"representation.":[134],"A":[135],"linear-Gaussian":[136],"example":[137],"distinguishes":[138],"local-noise,":[139],"ancestor,":[140],"irrelevant-noise,":[141],"infeasible":[143],"explanations":[144],"scopes,":[146],"an":[148],"application":[149],"to":[150],"UCI":[152],"Adult":[153],"benchmark":[154],"illustrates":[155],"specification,":[157],"sensitivity,":[158],"how":[160],"much":[161],"explanation":[164],"carried":[166],"coupling":[170],"itself.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-10-09T00:00:00"}
