{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220940232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010073/v1","title":"Kinetically Synchronized Aqueous Co-precipitation and Hydrothermal Crystallisation of (Mg1\u2212xCox)CO3 Rhombohedral Solid-Solution Nanoparticles: Thermodynamic Feasibility, Ethylene Glycol Kinetic Control, and Prospective Functional Applications","display_name":"Kinetically Synchronized Aqueous Co-precipitation and Hydrothermal Crystallisation of (Mg1\u2212xCox)CO3 Rhombohedral Solid-Solution Nanoparticles: Thermodynamic Feasibility, Ethylene Glycol Kinetic Control, and Prospective Functional Applications","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220940232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010073/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.15010073/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010073/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010073/v1","pdf_url":"https://chemrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010073/v1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918830","display_name":"ChemRxiv","issn_l":"2573-2293","issn":["2573-2293"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://chemrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010073/v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136526229","display_name":"ABDUL TANOLI","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134276161","display_name":"Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04d4mbk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134276161"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Haseeb Tanoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134276161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157977331","display_name":"Arfeen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134276161","display_name":"Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04d4mbk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134276161"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arfeen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134276161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157961396","display_name":"Laiba Irshad Khattak","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134276161","display_name":"Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04d4mbk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134276161"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laiba Irshad Khattak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134276161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157963333","display_name":"Tasbiha Rehman Bhatti","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134276161","display_name":"Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04d4mbk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134276161"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tasbiha Rehman Bhatti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics","Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS","PIEAS"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134276161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PIEAS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134276161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157919592","display_name":"Muhammad Muneeb Yousafzai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134276161","display_name":"Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04d4mbk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134276161"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Muneeb Yousafzai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134276161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001460738","display_name":"Tayyaba Ghani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0986-0054","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0986-0054","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0365-083X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134276161","display_name":"Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04d4mbk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134276161"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tayyaba Ghani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134276161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136526229","display_name":"ABDUL TANOLI","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134276161","display_name":"Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04d4mbk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134276161"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ABDUL HASEEB TANOLI","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134276161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134276161"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11278","display_name":"Calcium Carbonate Crystallization and Inhibition","score":0.5332000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2502","display_name":"Biomaterials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11278","display_name":"Calcium Carbonate Crystallization and Inhibition","score":0.5332000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2502","display_name":"Biomaterials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11302","display_name":"CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions","score":0.20149999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11881","display_name":"Crystallization and Solubility Studies","score":0.18080000579357147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solubility-product","display_name":"solubility product","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saturation-index","display_name":"saturation index","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamic-feasibility","display_name":"thermodynamic feasibility","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegard-s-law","display_name":"Vegard's law","score":0.6700000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156622251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1036221","display_name":"Hydrothermal circulation","level":2,"score":0.65420001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184651966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906356","display_name":"Aqueous solution","level":2,"score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203036418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284256","display_name":"Crystallization","level":2,"score":0.5967000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777516009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194207","display_name":"Ethylene glycol","level":2,"score":0.5031999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28737856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870531","display_name":"Coprecipitation","level":2,"score":0.4925000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4512999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.44940000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155574463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170731","display_name":"Solubility","level":2,"score":0.44839999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.44110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160892712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901559","display_name":"Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185039092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376044","display_name":"Powder diffraction","level":2,"score":0.4284000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.40959998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153642686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q70906","display_name":"Infrared spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.3781000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.3756999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135889238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46276","display_name":"Kinetic energy","level":2,"score":0.37290000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155672457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61231","display_name":"Nanoparticle","level":2,"score":0.36820000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780659211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181699","display_name":"Carbonate","level":2,"score":0.3596999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776871784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861356","display_name":"Hydrothermal synthesis","level":3,"score":0.34860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8010536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160398","display_name":"Crystallography","level":1,"score":0.33160001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.30640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88380143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q416674","display_name":"Dissolution","level":2,"score":0.2962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124681953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339062","display_name":"Decomposition","level":2,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781060337","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q462174","display_name":"Hydrate","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138999460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787619","display_name":"Solid solution","level":2,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198819137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188884","display_name":"Octahedron","level":3,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179104552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11165","display_name":"Inorganic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781285689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21921428","display_name":"Crystal (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.15010073/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010073/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010073/v1","pdf_url":"https://chemrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010073/v1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918830","display_name":"ChemRxiv","issn_l":"2573-2293","issn":["2573-2293"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.15010073/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010073/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010073/v1","pdf_url":"https://chemrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010073/v1","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918830","display_name":"ChemRxiv","issn_l":"2573-2293","issn":["2573-2293"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316679","display_name":"Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04d4mbk19"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220940232.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220940232.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2071402661","https://openalex.org/W2029045969","https://openalex.org/W2526824541","https://openalex.org/W77904449","https://openalex.org/W1965763554","https://openalex.org/W7167076566","https://openalex.org/W3134321911","https://openalex.org/W2593569743","https://openalex.org/W2347255283","https://openalex.org/W1481372975"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cobaltoan":[0],"magnesite,":[1],"(Mg1\u2212xCox)CO3":[2],"(R3c;":[3],"x":[4],"=":[5,71,74,79,82,125,243,278,281,299],"0\u20131),":[6],"has":[7],"previously":[8],"been":[9],"accessible":[10],"only":[11],"under":[12,51],"extreme":[13],"solid-state":[14],"conditions":[15,100],"(\u2265600":[16],"\u00b0C,":[17],"\u226515":[18],"kbar;":[19],"Goldsmith":[20],"&":[21],"Northrop,":[22],"1965)":[23],"or":[24],"over":[25],"geological":[26],"timescales":[27],"in":[28,121,141,291],"supergene":[29],"ore":[30],"environments":[31],"(Barton":[32],"et":[33],"al.,":[34],"2014).":[35],"We":[36],"report":[37],"the":[38,103,118,154,173,184,295,320,323,330],"first":[39],"deliberate":[40],"laboratory":[41],"synthesis":[42],"of":[43,138,183,250,269,322,329],"phase-pure":[44],"(Mg,Co)CO3":[45],"solid-solution":[46,175,229],"nanoparticles":[47],"at":[48,98,209],"250":[49],"\u00b0C":[50],"autogenous":[52],"pressure":[53],"(~40":[54],"bar)":[55],"via":[56],"a":[57,144,205,222,237,264],"modified":[58],"polyol-assisted":[59],"aqueous":[60],"coprecipitation":[61],"route.":[62],"Thermodynamic":[63],"feasibility":[64],"is":[65,131],"established":[66],"through":[67],"saturation-index":[68],"analysis":[69,182],"(SI(CoCO3)":[70],"+10.6,":[72],"\u0394G\u00b0":[73,81],"\u221260.5":[75],"kJ":[76,84],"mol\u22121;":[77],"SI(MgCO3)":[78],"+2.6,":[80],"\u221214.8":[83],"mol\u22121),":[85],"confirming":[86],"that":[87,102],"both":[88],"carbonate":[89],"end-members":[90],"are":[91,317],"thermodynamically":[92],"driven":[93],"to":[94,294],"precipitate":[95],"from":[96,167],"solution":[97],"ambient":[99],"and":[101,158,161,195,216,224,260,313,326],"hydrothermal":[104,285],"step":[105],"supplies":[106],"kinetic":[107,116],"\u2014":[108,111,221],"not":[109],"thermodynamic":[110],"activation":[112,156],"energy.":[113],"The":[114],"principal":[115],"challenge,":[117],"seven-order-ofmagnitude":[119],"disparity":[120],"solubility":[122],"products":[123],"(Ksp(CoCO3)":[124],"10\u221213":[126],"vs.":[127],"6.8\u00d710\u22126":[128],"for":[129,227],"MgCO3),":[130],"surmounted":[132],"by":[133,143,231],"ethylene":[134],"glycol":[135],"(EG)":[136],"coordination":[137],"Co2+,":[139],"confirmed":[140],"situ":[142],"spontaneous":[145],"pink\u2192blue":[146],"colour":[147],"transition":[148],"upon":[149],"EG":[150],"addition,":[151],"which":[152],"elevates":[153],"desolvation":[155],"barrier":[157],"synchronises":[159],"Co2+":[160,258],"Mg2+":[162],"precipitation":[163],"rates.":[164],"Convergent":[165],"evidence":[166],"five":[168],"independent":[169],"characterisation":[170],"techniques":[171],"confirms":[172,274],"R3c":[174],"product:":[176],"(i)":[177],"PXRD":[178],"with":[179,245,263],"Vegard's":[180],"Law":[181],"composition-sensitive":[185],"(113)":[186],"reflection":[187],"yields":[188],"x(Co)":[189,196],"\u2248":[190,197],"0.73":[191],"(Sample":[192,199],"3,":[193],"pre-hydrothermal)":[194],"0.44":[198],"4,":[200],"post-hydrothermal);":[201],"(ii)":[202],"FTIR":[203],"reveals":[204],"single":[206],"\u03bd2(CO32\u2212)":[207],"band":[208,267],"870":[210],"cm\u22121,":[211],"intermediate":[212],"between":[213],"MgCO3":[214],"(880)":[215],"CoCO3":[217],"(860":[218],"cm\u22121)":[219],"endmembers":[220],"necessary":[223],"sufficient":[225],"criterion":[226],"isomorphic":[228],"identification":[230],"infrared":[232],"spectroscopy;":[233],"(iii)":[234],"SEM-EDX":[235],"shows":[236],"continuous":[238],"unimodal":[239],"composition":[240,328],"distribution":[241],"(x(Co)":[242],"0.27\u20130.73)":[244],"no":[246],"bimodal":[247],"clustering":[248],"indicative":[249],"phase":[251],"separation;":[252],"(iv)":[253],"UV\u2013Vis":[254],"spectroscopy":[255],"identifies":[256],"characteristic":[257],"ligand-field":[259],"charge-transfer":[261],"transitions":[262],"direct":[265],"optical":[266],"gap":[268],"~3.1\u20133.4":[270],"eV;":[271],"(v)":[272],"DLS":[273],"near-monodisperse":[275],"product":[276,331],"(PDI":[277,298],"0.053,":[279],"Dh":[280],"306":[282],"nm)":[283],"following":[284],"treatment,":[286],"representing":[287],"an":[288],"83%":[289],"reduction":[290],"polydispersity":[292],"relative":[293],"amorphous":[296],"precursor":[297],"0.314).":[300],"Prospective":[301],"applications":[302],"spanning":[303],"heterogeneous":[304],"catalysis,":[305],"Li-ion":[306],"battery":[307],"cathode":[308],"precursors,":[309],"CO2":[310],"mineralisation,":[311],"photocatalysis,":[312],"pH-responsive":[314],"drug":[315],"delivery":[316],"evaluated":[318],"on":[319],"basis":[321],"crystal":[324],"chemistry":[325],"mixed-metal":[327],"phase.":[332]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-10-09T00:00:00"}
