{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220925992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/aeb1ee","title":"Failure Analysis and Engineering Optimization of an In-vessel Fiber-optic Current Sensor Routing Structure in the EXL-50U Spherical Tokamak","display_name":"Failure Analysis and Engineering Optimization of an In-vessel Fiber-optic Current Sensor Routing Structure in the EXL-50U Spherical Tokamak","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220925992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/aeb1ee"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/1361-6587/aeb1ee","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/aeb1ee","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/aeb1ee","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6587/aeb1ee/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S75093782","display_name":"Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion","issn_l":"0741-3335","issn":["0741-3335","1361-6587"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6587/aeb1ee/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108267670","display_name":"Jia Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5571-3819","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5571-3819"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100528","display_name":"ENN (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/018a8yy17","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100528"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["ENN Fusion Energy Science and Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5571-3819","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ENN Fusion Energy Science and Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015756233","display_name":"Dong Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6562-8841","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6562-8841"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100528","display_name":"ENN (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/018a8yy17","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100528"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dong Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["ENN Fusion Energy Science and Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6562-8841","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ENN Fusion Energy Science and Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157894044","display_name":"Liu Shuo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100528","display_name":"ENN (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/018a8yy17","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100528"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu Shuo","raw_affiliation_strings":["ENN Fusion Energy Science and Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ENN Fusion Energy Science and Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157931248","display_name":"Lombroni Riccardo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100528","display_name":"ENN (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/018a8yy17","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100528"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lombroni Riccardo","raw_affiliation_strings":["ENN Fusion Energy Science and Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ENN Fusion Energy Science and Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020241600","display_name":"Z.X. Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5291-0441","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5291-0441"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100528","display_name":"ENN (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/018a8yy17","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100528"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhixin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["ENN Fusion Energy Science and Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ENN Fusion Energy Science and Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047960606","display_name":"Renyi Tao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100528","display_name":"ENN (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/018a8yy17","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100528"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renyi Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["ENN Fusion Energy Science and Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ENN Fusion Energy Science and Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157958699","display_name":"Yumin Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100528","display_name":"ENN (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/018a8yy17","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100528"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yumin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["ENN Fusion Energy Science and Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ENN Fusion Energy Science and Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100528"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121215068","display_name":"Yuejiang Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9572-3310","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9572-3310"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100528","display_name":"ENN (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/018a8yy17","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100528"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuejiang Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["ENN Fusion Energy Science and Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ENN Fusion Energy Science and Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100528"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015756233"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100528"],"apc_list":{"value":3325,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3325},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11808","display_name":"Superconducting Materials and Applications","score":0.6015999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11808","display_name":"Superconducting Materials and Applications","score":0.6015999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10346","display_name":"Magnetic confinement fusion research","score":0.34380000829696655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.026100000366568565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-fiber-current-sensor","display_name":"fiber optic current sensor","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vacuum-leak","display_name":"vacuum leak","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-loads","display_name":"electromagnetic loads","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toroidal-magnetic-field","display_name":"toroidal magnetic field","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/failure-mechanism-analysis","display_name":"failure mechanism analysis","score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-optimization","display_name":"design optimization","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polyimide-insulation","display_name":"polyimide insulation","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tokamak-equilibrium","display_name":"tokamak equilibrium","score":0.6449999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70836080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837940","display_name":"Impulse (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5055999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202374169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124291","display_name":"Electrical conductor","level":2,"score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116515362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188589","display_name":"Tokamak","level":3,"score":0.47380000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29210110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177897","display_name":"Inductance","level":3,"score":0.43540000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107551265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1458245","display_name":"Displacement (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42739999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.41830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.40369999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2265751","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332007","display_name":"Electromagnetic shielding","level":2,"score":0.3968000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.38920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125470083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747288","display_name":"Electromagnetic compatibility","level":2,"score":0.38830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3862999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.37450000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.3481000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.34220001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88764893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1547722","display_name":"Ground plane","level":3,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.32919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780759522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922828","display_name":"Vertical displacement","level":2,"score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112987892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5051574","display_name":"Catastrophic failure","level":2,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168993435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501125","display_name":"Ground","level":2,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777767291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1080291","display_name":"Sizing","level":2,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204366326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3027650","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.2992999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78336883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4779385","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","level":2,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14589660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64122","display_name":"Electromagnetic pulse","level":2,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777551473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2093072","display_name":"Tube (container)","level":2,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55000061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24894777","display_name":"Current sensor","level":3,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149773537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12969754","display_name":"Electromagnetic radiation","level":2,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.267300009727478}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/1361-6587/aeb1ee","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/aeb1ee","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/aeb1ee","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6587/aeb1ee/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S75093782","display_name":"Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion","issn_l":"0741-3335","issn":["0741-3335","1361-6587"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/1361-6587/aeb1ee","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/aeb1ee","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/aeb1ee","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6587/aeb1ee/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S75093782","display_name":"Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion","issn_l":"0741-3335","issn":["0741-3335","1361-6587"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220925992.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220925992.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974203968","https://openalex.org/W1984570978","https://openalex.org/W2013993705","https://openalex.org/W2025772718","https://openalex.org/W2075178735","https://openalex.org/W2509581231","https://openalex.org/W2912559013","https://openalex.org/W2972970307","https://openalex.org/W3042026539","https://openalex.org/W3125764258","https://openalex.org/W4318464384","https://openalex.org/W4405311275","https://openalex.org/W4412375164","https://openalex.org/W4412376120"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2912559013","https://openalex.org/W7171326472","https://openalex.org/W4412996152","https://openalex.org/W2078900591","https://openalex.org/W2765269848","https://openalex.org/W3042026539","https://openalex.org/W2094992641","https://openalex.org/W1965191846","https://openalex.org/W4416681314","https://openalex.org/W4415650435"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Plasma":[1],"current":[2,14,91],"measurement":[3],"is":[4],"essential":[5],"for":[6,144],"tokamak":[7],"equilibrium,":[8],"control,":[9],"and":[10,20,36,50,58,77,97,148,189,210,219],"machine":[11],"protection.":[12],"Fiber-optic":[13],"sensors":[15],"(FOCS)":[16],"provide":[17],"electrical":[18,191,222],"isolation":[19],"immunity":[21],"to":[22,33,127,186],"electromagnetic":[23,34,75,158],"interference,":[24],"while":[25],"their":[26],"metallic":[27],"in-vessel":[28],"protective":[29,42],"routes":[30],"remain":[31],"subject":[32],"loads":[35],"vacuum-boundary":[37],"constraints.":[38],"An":[39,135],"annealed-copper":[40],"FOCS":[41],"tube":[43,178],"in":[44],"EXL-50U":[45],"developed":[46],"a":[47,89,98,113,121,128,199,220],"vacuum":[48],"leak,":[49],"inspection":[51,73],"found":[52],"localized":[53],"flattening,":[54],"rubbing,":[55],"blackened":[56],"surfaces,":[57],"fracture-like":[59],"damage":[60],"near":[61],"center-column":[62],"supports.":[63],"Possible":[64],"failure":[65],"mechanisms":[66],"were":[67],"assessed":[68],"using":[69],"the":[70,145,154,164,169,216],"assembly":[71],"geometry,":[72],"evidence,":[74],"estimates,":[76],"an":[78,225],"idealized":[79],"ring-compression":[80],"reference.":[81],"A":[82,105],"representative":[83,106],"normal":[84],"toroidal-field":[85],"(TF)":[86],"ramp":[87],"gives":[88,139],"loop":[90],"scale":[92,131,155],"of":[93,102,116,132,141,156,172],"approximately":[94],"1.4":[95],"kA":[96,108,143],"distributed":[99],"line":[100],"load":[101],"3.2":[103],"N/mm.":[104],"500":[107],"vertical":[109],"displacement":[110],"event":[111],"yields":[112],"toroidal-flux":[114],"change":[115],"about":[117],"0.0639":[118],"Wb":[119],"over":[120],"0.1":[122],"ms":[123],"output":[124],"interval,":[125],"corresponding":[126],"finite-difference":[129],"voltage":[130],"639":[133],"V.":[134],"ideal":[136],"impulse":[137],"calculation":[138],"currents":[140],"1.6\u201312.8":[142],"assumed":[146],"coupling":[147],"inductance":[149],"range.":[150],"The":[151,174,195],"estimates":[152],"show":[153],"possible":[157,190],"loading,":[159],"but":[160],"do":[161],"not":[162],"determine":[163],"local":[165,187],"flattening":[166],"threshold":[167],"or":[168,192],"exact":[170],"cause":[171],"failure.":[173],"observations":[175],"suggest":[176],"that":[177],"motion":[179],"against":[180],"relatively":[181],"rigid":[182],"surrounding":[183],"structures":[184],"contributed":[185],"deformation":[188],"thermal":[193],"damage.":[194],"revised":[196],"design":[197,217],"uses":[198],"316L":[200],"stainless-steel":[201],"tube,":[202],"additional":[203],"supports,":[204],"polyimide":[205],"insulation":[206],"at":[207],"support":[208],"interfaces,":[209],"improved":[211],"seals.":[212],"We":[213],"also":[214],"discuss":[215],"limitations":[218],"ceramic":[221],"break":[223],"as":[224],"alternative.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-09T00:00:00"}