{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220917277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.08523","title":"Multi-model ocean oxygen fields predicted by conditional diffusion models","display_name":"Multi-model ocean oxygen fields predicted by conditional diffusion models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220917277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.08523"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.08523","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.08523","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.08523","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.08523","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030142749","display_name":"Linus Vogt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5967-4662","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5967-4662"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vogt, Linus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Courant Institute School of Mathematics, Computing, and Data Science , New York University , New York , NY , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Courant Institute School of Mathematics, Computing, and Data Science , New York University , New York , NY , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032073724","display_name":"Laure Zanna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8472-4828","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8472-4828"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zanna, Laure","raw_affiliation_strings":["Courant Institute School of Mathematics, Computing, and Data Science , New York University , New York , NY , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Courant Institute School of Mathematics, Computing, and Data Science , New York University , New York , NY , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.6996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.6996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10032","display_name":"Marine Plankton and Biogeochemistry","score":0.23100000619888306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.023600000888109207,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-model-ensemble","display_name":"multi-model ensemble","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earth-system-models","display_name":"Earth system models","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxygen-minimum-zone","display_name":"oxygen minimum zone","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tropical-pacific","display_name":"tropical Pacific","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atlantic-ocean","display_name":"Atlantic Ocean","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/southern-ocean","display_name":"Southern Ocean","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-bias","display_name":"model bias","score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-climate-projections","display_name":"probabilistic climate projections","score":0.5870000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132459708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744069","display_name":"Extrapolation","level":2,"score":0.6183000206947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5058000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C540031477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629","display_name":"Oxygen","level":2,"score":0.4927000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.46790000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69357855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163214","display_name":"Diffusion","level":2,"score":0.43309998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168754636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620920","display_name":"Climate model","level":3,"score":0.3926999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134097258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1507383","display_name":"Sea surface temperature","level":2,"score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.3644999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.3573000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71915725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846303","display_name":"Biogeochemical cycle","level":2,"score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776248883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17154087","display_name":"Ocean observations","level":2,"score":0.3287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24552861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2670177","display_name":"Data assimilation","level":2,"score":0.3231000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129513315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179615","display_name":"Salinity","level":2,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43555835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300258","display_name":"Conditional probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.31279999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116400278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5250420","display_name":"Deep ocean water","level":3,"score":0.30390000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187599188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129558","display_name":"Ocean current","level":2,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183191521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16360","display_name":"Aeronomy","level":3,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23715911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698340","display_name":"Temperature salinity diagrams","level":3,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.27410000562667847}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.08523","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.08523","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.08523","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2610.08523","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.08523","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2610.08523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2610.08523","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.08523","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.08523","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.5769000053405762,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"},{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321519","display_name":"Centre National d\u2019Etudes Spatiales","ror":"https://ror.org/04h1h0y33"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322892","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220917277.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220917277.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1855709777","https://openalex.org/W1876408832","https://openalex.org/W2069197937","https://openalex.org/W2129069237","https://openalex.org/W2130694448","https://openalex.org/W2131829457","https://openalex.org/W2141707502","https://openalex.org/W2172188567","https://openalex.org/W2516269908","https://openalex.org/W2588770771","https://openalex.org/W2607135827","https://openalex.org/W2742572674","https://openalex.org/W2744700393","https://openalex.org/W2745075251","https://openalex.org/W2781567654","https://openalex.org/W2801830828","https://openalex.org/W2805504936","https://openalex.org/W2905895468","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2952232639","https://openalex.org/W3001690419","https://openalex.org/W3025949386","https://openalex.org/W3036167779","https://openalex.org/W3092442149","https://openalex.org/W3119266734","https://openalex.org/W3122887982","https://openalex.org/W3137413464","https://openalex.org/W3207132845","https://openalex.org/W4200232563","https://openalex.org/W4309833873","https://openalex.org/W4365451696","https://openalex.org/W4386733880","https://openalex.org/W4387402517","https://openalex.org/W4388623657","https://openalex.org/W4389421909","https://openalex.org/W4391629221","https://openalex.org/W4396913524","https://openalex.org/W4399615879","https://openalex.org/W4401824590","https://openalex.org/W4403513981","https://openalex.org/W4405031167","https://openalex.org/W4407186963","https://openalex.org/W4409795612","https://openalex.org/W4409955908","https://openalex.org/W4409956672","https://openalex.org/W4414359338","https://openalex.org/W4414971536","https://openalex.org/W6949670417","https://openalex.org/W7133311194","https://openalex.org/W7151226859","https://openalex.org/W7161698878"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7161698878","https://openalex.org/W2565619295","https://openalex.org/W4413240422","https://openalex.org/W4408440211","https://openalex.org/W7172261001","https://openalex.org/W4390666660","https://openalex.org/W4409956672","https://openalex.org/W4391738536","https://openalex.org/W1672747472","https://openalex.org/W3040757672"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Dissolved":[0],"oxygen":[1,26,37,60,86,108,113],"is":[2],"important":[3],"for":[4,110],"the":[5,21,31,55,77,93,131],"ocean's":[6],"ecosystems":[7],"and":[8,23,68,79,82,103,118],"biogeochemical":[9],"cycles.":[10],"Yet,":[11],"Earth":[12],"System":[13],"Models":[14],"(ESMs)":[15],"vary":[16],"in":[17,33,76,92,130],"their":[18],"simulations":[19],"of":[20,35,48,58,148],"present-day":[22],"future":[24],"ocean":[25,36,150],"inventory.":[27],"To":[28],"narrow":[29],"down":[30],"uncertainty":[32],"estimates":[34],"content,":[38],"we":[39],"train":[40],"a":[41,49,145,155],"conditional":[42,56],"generative":[43,71],"diffusion":[44],"model":[45,72,99,128],"on":[46],"outputs":[47],"multi-model":[50,161],"ESM":[51],"ensemble":[52],"to":[53,106,158],"learn":[54],"distribution":[57],"upper-ocean":[59],"given":[61],"physical":[62,149],"input":[63],"variables":[64],"such":[65],"as":[66,120],"temperature":[67,117],"salinity.":[69],"This":[70,123],"has":[73],"considerable":[74],"skill":[75],"Atlantic":[78],"Southern":[80],"Oceans,":[81],"can":[83],"generate":[84,107],"realistic":[85],"samples":[87],"under":[88],"conditions":[89],"not":[90],"seen":[91],"training":[94],"data.":[95],"We":[96],"validate":[97],"this":[98],"using":[100,115],"observational":[101],"datasets,":[102],"use":[104],"it":[105],"fields":[109],"models":[111],"without":[112],"data":[114],"only":[116],"salinity":[119],"conditioning":[121],"inputs.":[122],"physics-conditioned":[124],"extrapolation":[125],"suggests":[126],"that":[127],"biases":[129],"tropical":[132],"Pacific":[133],"Oxygen":[134],"Minimum":[135],"Zone":[136],"may":[137],"be":[138],"smaller":[139],"than":[140],"currently":[141],"assumed":[142],"when":[143],"considering":[144],"larger":[146],"set":[147],"states.":[151],"Our":[152],"approach":[153],"provides":[154],"complementary":[156],"way":[157],"represent":[159],"probabilistic":[160],"climate":[162],"distributions.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-10-09T00:00:00"}
