{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220914797","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math14193626","title":"HDTR-KT: Mutually Regulated Knowledge Tracing with Hierarchical Local Evolution and Dual-Timescale Global Cognition","display_name":"HDTR-KT: Mutually Regulated Knowledge Tracing with Hierarchical Local Evolution and Dual-Timescale Global Cognition","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220914797","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math14193626"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/math14193626","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math14193626","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math14193626","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192031","display_name":"Mathematics","issn_l":"2227-7390","issn":["2227-7390"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mathematics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math14193626","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157925508","display_name":"Liujun Yang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27688046","display_name":"Hunan Institute of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/03zj2rn70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27688046"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liujun Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering Education and Engineering Culture Innovation, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering Education and Engineering Culture Innovation, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27688046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157944062","display_name":"Sudan Xu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27688046","display_name":"Hunan Institute of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/03zj2rn70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27688046"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sudan Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering Education and Engineering Culture Innovation, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering Education and Engineering Culture Innovation, Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan 411104, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27688046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157892156","display_name":"Jingqiang Zhao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121296143","display_name":"Hunan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02m9vrb24","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121296143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingqiang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121296143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073881751","display_name":"Jie Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7386-8412","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7386-8412"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121296143","display_name":"Hunan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02m9vrb24","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121296143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7386-8412","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121296143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003996424","display_name":"Fei Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3091-7640","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3091-7640","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1006-7594"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Electronic Science, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3091-7640","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Electronic Science, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157940269","display_name":"Lv Zhao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96478251","display_name":"Hunan Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04n3k2k71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96478251"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lv Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96478251"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5157944062"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27688046"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70527317,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"19","first_page":"3626","last_page":"3626"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.005200000014156103,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14025","display_name":"Educational Technology and Assessment","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-tracing","display_name":"knowledge tracing","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-knowledge-representation","display_name":"hierarchical knowledge representation","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forgetting-mechanism","display_name":"forgetting mechanism","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concept-mastery","display_name":"concept mastery","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-forgetting","display_name":"adaptive forgetting","score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prediction-residuals","display_name":"prediction residuals","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-modeling","display_name":"student modeling","score":0.5019999742507935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7149132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1377840","display_name":"Forgetting","level":2,"score":0.6571000218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.6132000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.5453000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4964999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.48080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4636000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4242999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.38029998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3379000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.3325999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3260999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34388435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267362","display_name":"Bounded function","level":2,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.29490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40506919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7452469","display_name":"Sequence learning","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135798126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2167279","display_name":"Top-down and bottom-up design","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780217385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2389284","display_name":"Hierarchical organization","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/math14193626","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math14193626","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math14193626","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192031","display_name":"Mathematics","issn_l":"2227-7390","issn":["2227-7390"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mathematics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cc73bcc0b8f0475eb65f657e98016d37","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cc73bcc0b8f0475eb65f657e98016d37","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Mathematics, Vol 14, Iss 19, p 3626 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/math14193626","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math14193626","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/math14193626","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210192031","display_name":"Mathematics","issn_l":"2227-7390","issn":["2227-7390"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mathematics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.8278999924659729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2559094423","https://openalex.org/W3043869244","https://openalex.org/W3082341085","https://openalex.org/W3117062170","https://openalex.org/W3134371412","https://openalex.org/W3171435422","https://openalex.org/W4307561542","https://openalex.org/W4367047438","https://openalex.org/W4382786625","https://openalex.org/W4387151311","https://openalex.org/W4390105690","https://openalex.org/W4392806396","https://openalex.org/W4396757507","https://openalex.org/W4401024913","https://openalex.org/W4403780791","https://openalex.org/W4406549905","https://openalex.org/W4409348645","https://openalex.org/W4409362074","https://openalex.org/W4409364698","https://openalex.org/W4411188992","https://openalex.org/W4412980241","https://openalex.org/W4415708317","https://openalex.org/W7137857276","https://openalex.org/W7137862483","https://openalex.org/W7138145909","https://openalex.org/W7166546451","https://openalex.org/W7166796678","https://openalex.org/W7202298870"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4412591604","https://openalex.org/W7169672540","https://openalex.org/W7202397315","https://openalex.org/W4388098997","https://openalex.org/W7118071132","https://openalex.org/W4412979335","https://openalex.org/W7168041580","https://openalex.org/W4401480609","https://openalex.org/W7161059595","https://openalex.org/W4410212210"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Knowledge":[0],"tracing":[1,65],"aims":[2],"to":[3,13,91,138,151],"infer":[4],"students\u2019":[5],"evolving":[6],"knowledge":[7,64],"states":[8,47,108,139],"from":[9,88],"historical":[10],"question\u2013response":[11],"interactions":[12],"predict":[14],"future":[15],"performance.":[16],"Despite":[17],"the":[18,80,119,130],"progress":[19],"of":[20,36],"recent":[21],"deep":[22],"models,":[23],"existing":[24],"approaches":[25],"often":[26],"lack":[27],"an":[28,85,147],"explicit":[29],"mechanism":[30,116,182],"for":[31],"determining":[32],"how":[33],"different":[34,49,133],"types":[35],"learning":[37],"evidence":[38,73,134,157],"should":[39],"be":[40],"transferred,":[41],"retained,":[42],"and":[43,52,75,126,186],"coordinated":[44],"across":[45],"cognitive":[46,69],"with":[48,109,140,205],"abstraction":[50],"levels":[51],"temporal":[53,142],"characteristics.":[54],"To":[55],"address":[56],"this":[57,59],"limitation,":[58],"study":[60],"proposes":[61],"HDTR-KT,":[62],"a":[63,162,166,179],"framework":[66],"that":[67,197],"models":[68],"evolution":[70,181],"through":[71,165],"hierarchical":[72,120],"transition":[74,87],"dual-timescale":[76],"state":[77,150,164],"regulation.":[78],"At":[79,129],"local":[81],"level,":[82,132],"HDTR-KT":[83,198],"establishes":[84],"asymmetric":[86],"question-level":[89],"experience":[90],"concept-level":[92,156],"mastery,":[93],"where":[94],"question-specific":[95],"increments":[96],"are":[97,136],"selectively":[98],"transformed":[99],"into":[100,161],"concept":[101,127],"messages":[102],"rather":[103],"than":[104],"directly":[105],"updating":[106],"both":[107],"identical":[110],"interaction":[111],"evidence.":[112],"A":[113],"constrained":[114],"forgetting":[115],"further":[117],"preserves":[118],"retention":[121],"relationship":[122],"between":[123,183],"item":[124],"memory":[125],"mastery.":[128],"global":[131,172,184],"sources":[135],"assigned":[137],"distinct":[141],"dynamics:":[143],"prediction":[144],"residuals":[145],"drive":[146],"adaptive":[148],"short-term":[149],"capture":[152],"transient":[153],"deviations,":[154],"whereas":[155],"is":[158],"conservatively":[159],"accumulated":[160],"long-term":[163],"bounded":[167],"update":[168],"process.":[169],"The":[170],"fused":[171],"context":[173],"subsequently":[174],"regulates":[175],"local-state":[176],"forgetting,":[177],"forming":[178],"closed-loop":[180],"cognition":[185],"localized":[187],"memory.":[188],"Extensive":[189],"experiments":[190],"on":[191],"three":[192],"real-world":[193],"educational":[194],"datasets":[195],"demonstrate":[196],"achieves":[199],"consistently":[200],"competitive":[201],"predictive":[202],"performance":[203],"compared":[204],"representative":[206],"baselines.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-17T09:40:24.721904","created_date":"2026-10-09T00:00:00"}
