{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220899461","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.05.26364229","title":"Forecasting Alzheimer\u2019s disease progression using non-imaging clinical features and XGBoost","display_name":"Forecasting Alzheimer\u2019s disease progression using non-imaging clinical features and XGBoost","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220899461","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.05.26364229","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42926864","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13692472"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.05.26364229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.05.26364229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.05.26364229","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/07/2026.10.05.26364229.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/07/2026.10.05.26364229.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108835768","display_name":"Andrew Gautier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6185-5781","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6185-5781"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12097938","display_name":"West Virginia University","ror":"https://ror.org/011vxgd24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Gautier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6185-5781","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079168558","display_name":"\u90d1\u73b2\u5efa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3681-479X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3681-479X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12097938","display_name":"West Virginia University","ror":"https://ror.org/011vxgd24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingjian Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3681-479X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020555073","display_name":"Bernard G. Schreurs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5776-0807","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5776-0807"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12097938","display_name":"West Virginia University","ror":"https://ror.org/011vxgd24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernard G. Schreurs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5776-0807","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108835768"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alzheimer-s-disease","display_name":"Alzheimer's disease","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-progression-prediction","display_name":"disease progression prediction","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mild-cognitive-impairment","display_name":"mild cognitive impairment","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prodromal-dementia","display_name":"prodromal dementia","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xgboost","display_name":"XGBoost","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead-time","display_name":"lead time","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-alarm-rate","display_name":"false alarm rate","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-decline","display_name":"cognitive decline","score":0.4410000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/longitudinal-cohort","display_name":"longitudinal cohort","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-alzheimer-s-coordinating-center","display_name":"National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-trajectories","display_name":"clinical trajectories","score":0.4129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-engineering","display_name":"feature engineering","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurodegenerative-diseases","display_name":"neurodegenerative diseases","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-detection-of-dementia","display_name":"early detection of dementia","score":0.5400000214576721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779483572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030","display_name":"Dementia","level":3,"score":0.6485000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.6445000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5378000140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5367000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.48010000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984915365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141203","display_name":"Cognitive impairment","level":3,"score":0.4523000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.376800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.361299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777895361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758614","display_name":"Longitudinal study","level":2,"score":0.35920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.33469998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984863031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030","display_name":"Cognitive decline","level":4,"score":0.32409998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776656118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6815713","display_name":"Memory clinic","level":4,"score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502032728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081","display_name":"Alzheimer's disease","level":3,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.2989000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76318530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16833590","display_name":"Area under the curve","level":2,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.28760001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020672099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Longitudinal data","level":2,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117812244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141157","display_name":"Cognitive Assessment System","level":4,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2522999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779119184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294350","display_name":"ALARM","level":2,"score":0.25220000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.05.26364229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.05.26364229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.05.26364229","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/07/2026.10.05.26364229.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:42926864","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42926864","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13692472","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13692472/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.10.05.26364229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.05.26364229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.05.26364229","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2026/10/07/2026.10.05.26364229.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9940000176429749}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6047465326","display_name":"Appalachian Gerontology Experiences - Advancing Diversity in Aging Research","funder_award_id":"R25AG059558","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000865327","display_name":"UCSD Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research Center P30","funder_award_id":"P30AG062429","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000878717","display_name":"Alzheimer Disease Research Center","funder_award_id":"P30AG066468","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000911053","display_name":"National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center","funder_award_id":"U24AG072122","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311274","display_name":"West Virginia University","ror":"https://ror.org/011vxgd24"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","display_name":"National Institute on Aging","ror":"https://ror.org/049v75w11"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220899461.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220899461.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W353808065","https://openalex.org/W1818813987","https://openalex.org/W1847168837","https://openalex.org/W1991952617","https://openalex.org/W2001199794","https://openalex.org/W2011301426","https://openalex.org/W2037698344","https://openalex.org/W2039868461","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2112519660","https://openalex.org/W2120199131","https://openalex.org/W2152532350","https://openalex.org/W2156220037","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2618851150","https://openalex.org/W2763614673","https://openalex.org/W2769568841","https://openalex.org/W2774400961","https://openalex.org/W2938259030","https://openalex.org/W2941551392","https://openalex.org/W2949676527","https://openalex.org/W2972856209","https://openalex.org/W3003257820","https://openalex.org/W3035965352","https://openalex.org/W3039783692","https://openalex.org/W3128261063","https://openalex.org/W3171637117","https://openalex.org/W4214898695","https://openalex.org/W4224257823","https://openalex.org/W4316095845","https://openalex.org/W4363678967","https://openalex.org/W4385252239","https://openalex.org/W4388974203","https://openalex.org/W4389991930","https://openalex.org/W4391440634","https://openalex.org/W4401164724","https://openalex.org/W4404062425","https://openalex.org/W4404729955","https://openalex.org/W4405214939","https://openalex.org/W4407269999","https://openalex.org/W4412490339","https://openalex.org/W4413117078","https://openalex.org/W4414533307","https://openalex.org/W4416453471","https://openalex.org/W6930583549","https://openalex.org/W6969259846","https://openalex.org/W7128487124","https://openalex.org/W7155059170","https://openalex.org/W7162538667","https://openalex.org/W7207558691"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7162339112","https://openalex.org/W4389991930","https://openalex.org/W4380355310","https://openalex.org/W2971149745","https://openalex.org/W4386814402","https://openalex.org/W4386993733","https://openalex.org/W4406030197","https://openalex.org/W3147178087","https://openalex.org/W3113102740","https://openalex.org/W4309138810"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Identifying":[1],"progressive":[2,266],"dementia":[3,256,285],"during":[4,278],"its":[5,279,453],"prodromal":[6],"stage":[7],"is":[8,59,264],"a":[9,71,126,166,265,420,441],"challenging":[10],"yet":[11],"critical":[12],"task":[13],"for":[14,146,161,179,186,254,443],"healthcare":[15],"providers.":[16],"Traditional":[17],"clinical":[18,41,102,252],"assessments":[19],"are":[20],"often":[21],"not":[22,400],"sensitive":[23],"enough":[24],"to":[25,107,112,276,305,324,377],"detect":[26],"warning":[27],"signs":[28],"of":[29,53,138,143,153,158,174,199,205,294,318,330,384,422],"cognitive":[30,94,247,319,331],"decline.":[31],"Machine":[32],"learning":[33,242],"(ML)":[34],"methods":[35],"have":[36],"shown":[37],"promise":[38],"in":[39,62,196,333,391,419,435,448],"modeling":[40],"trajectories":[42,329,366],"associated":[43],"with":[44,125,424],"neurodegenerative":[45,270],"disorders":[46],"such":[47],"as":[48],"Alzheimer\u2019s":[49,77,261],"disease":[50,262],"(AD).":[51],"Validation":[52],"these":[54,209,295],"models\u2019":[55,375],"forecasting":[56,168,407],"abilities,":[57],"however,":[58],"widely":[60],"lacking":[61],"the":[63,75,119,147,162,188,211,291,368,374,382,403,410,415],"literature.":[64],"To":[65],"address":[66],"this":[67],"gap,":[68],"we":[69,360,372],"established":[70],"longitudinal":[72,240,385,449],"cohort":[73],"from":[74],"National":[76],"Coordinating":[78],"Center":[79],"(":[80],"n":[81],"=":[82,338,342],"15,727)":[83],"comprising":[84],"individuals":[85,314],"who":[86,344],"were":[87,110,229],"cognitively":[88,362],"normal":[89],"(CN)":[90],"or":[91],"had":[92,345],"mild":[93],"impairment":[95],"(MCI)":[96],"at":[97,315],"baseline.":[98],"Cognitive":[99],"status":[100],"and":[101,141,150,156,181,202,219,232,267,348,357,364,381,451],"observations":[103],"collected":[104],"over":[105],"up":[106],"10":[108,349],"visits":[109],"used":[111],"train":[113],"several":[114],"ML":[115],"classifiers.":[116],"We":[117,301,327],"employed":[118],"gradient-boosted":[120],"tree":[121],"ensemble":[122],"method":[123],"XGBoost":[124,369],"custom":[127],"feature-engineering":[128],"pipeline.":[129],"On":[130],"non-imputed":[131,189,425],"data,":[132],"our":[133,303],"models":[134,190,243,388,411,426,434],"achieved":[135],"an":[136,151],"AUC-ROC":[137,152],"0.9447":[139],"[0.9417\u20130.9476]":[140],"PR-AUC":[142,157],"0.8554":[144],"[0.8497\u20130.8611]":[145],"CN\u2192MCI":[148,180,200],"task,":[149],"0.9059":[154],"[0.8983\u20130.9134]":[155],"0.9214":[159],"[0.9156\u20130.9272]":[160],"MCI\u2192AD":[163,206],"task.":[164],"In":[165,406],"lead-time":[167],"analysis":[169],"spanning":[170],"mean":[171,212],"follow-up":[172,350],"periods":[173],"56.1":[175],"months":[176,183,217,221],"(range,":[177,184],"9.1\u2013214.1)":[178],"42.7":[182],"9.1\u2013126.1)":[185],"MCI\u2192AD,":[187],"detected":[191],"future":[192,246,379],"progression":[193],"before":[194,249,414],"diagnosis":[195,408],"29.58%":[197],"[28.29%\u201330.87%]":[198],"progressors":[201],"22.41%":[203],"[21.36%\u201323.46%]":[204],"progressors.":[207],"Among":[208],"individuals,":[210],"lead":[213,430],"time":[214],"was":[215],"33.04":[216],"[32.52\u201333.56]":[218],"17.95":[220],"[17.71\u201318.19],":[222],"respectively.":[223,235],"False":[224],"alarm":[225],"rates":[226],"among":[227],"non-progressors":[228],"12.6%":[230],"[11.5%\u201313.7%]":[231],"20.0%":[233],"[18.4%\u201321.6%],":[234],"These":[236],"findings":[237],"suggest":[238],"that":[239,272,311],"machine":[241],"can":[244,312],"identify":[245,313],"decline":[248,332],"diagnosis,":[250],"indicating":[251],"utility":[253],"early":[255,280],"risk":[257,317],"stratification.":[258],"Author":[259],"summary":[260],"(AD)":[263],"currently":[268],"incurable":[269],"disorder":[271],"remains":[273],"highly":[274],"difficult":[275],"diagnose":[277],"stages.":[281],"While":[282],"modern":[283],"early-stage":[284],"research":[286],"relies":[287],"on":[288],"advanced":[289],"neuroimaging,":[290],"high":[292],"cost":[293],"tests":[296],"excludes":[297],"many":[298],"vulnerable":[299],"communities.":[300],"designed":[302],"study":[304],"advance":[306],"scalable,":[307],"low-cost":[308],"diagnostic":[309],"alternatives":[310],"significant":[316],"decline,":[320],"ensuring":[321],"faster":[322],"access":[323],"emerging":[325],"therapies.":[326],"examined":[328],"15,727":[334],"adults":[335],"(mean":[336],"age":[337],"71.45":[339],"years,":[340],"SD":[341],"9.06)":[343],"between":[346],"2":[347],"visits.":[351],"Using":[352],"37":[353],"demographic,":[354],"behavioral,":[355],"clinical,":[356],"genetic":[358],"variables,":[359],"modeled":[361],"stable":[363],"declining":[365],"using":[367],"algorithm.":[370],"Additionally,":[371],"evaluated":[373],"ability":[376],"forecast":[378],"diagnoses":[380],"impact":[383],"imputation.":[386],"Our":[387],"performed":[389],"well":[390],"both":[392],"classification":[393],"tasks":[394],"(AUC-ROC":[395],"\u2265":[396],"0.90).":[397],"Imputation":[398],"did":[399],"substantively":[401],"alter":[402],"classifiers\u2019":[404],"performance.":[405],"conversion,":[409],"raised":[412],"alarms":[413],"recorded":[416],"conversion":[417],"visit":[418],"subset":[421],"progressors,":[423],"yielding":[427],"longer":[428],"net":[429],"times":[431],"than":[432],"imputed":[433],"AD":[436],"forecasting.":[437],"This":[438],"work":[439],"describes":[440],"strategy":[442],"handling":[444],"mixed-length":[445],"temporal":[446],"dimensions":[447],"cohorts":[450],"evaluates":[452],"prognostic":[454],"ability.":[455]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-10-09T00:00:00"}