{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220856567","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2026.1959721","title":"Foundation first: a health-system readiness framework for responsible AI adoption in Somalia","display_name":"Foundation first: a health-system readiness framework for responsible AI adoption in Somalia","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220856567","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2026.1959721","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42909091","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13683783"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdgth.2026.1959721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2026.1959721","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2026.1959721","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2026.1959721/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170686","display_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","issn_l":"2673-253X","issn":["2673-253X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-4","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2026.1959721/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016172550","display_name":"Hamze G. Dahir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0503-3716","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0503-3716"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129592236","display_name":"Amoud University","ror":"https://ror.org/034a2ss16","country_code":"SO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129592236"]}],"countries":["SO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hamze G. Dahir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research and Innovation Center, Amoud University","School of Public Health and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Amoud University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Innovation Center, Amoud University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129592236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Health and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Amoud University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129592236"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103119826","display_name":"Abdisalam Hassan Muse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4139-7334","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4139-7334","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4905-0044"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3129592236","display_name":"Amoud University","ror":"https://ror.org/034a2ss16","country_code":"SO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3129592236"]}],"countries":["SO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdisalam Hassan Muse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research and Innovation Center, Amoud University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Innovation Center, Amoud University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129592236"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016172550"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3129592236"],"apc_list":{"value":2550,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3077},"apc_paid":{"value":2550,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3077},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"1959721","last_page":"1959721"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14186","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Practices","score":0.015799999237060547,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence-adoption","display_name":"artificial intelligence adoption","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-system-preparedness","display_name":"health system preparedness","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-transformation","display_name":"digital transformation","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-system-building-blocks","display_name":"health system building blocks","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-equity","display_name":"health equity","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/somalia","display_name":"Somalia","score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-infrastructure","display_name":"digital infrastructure","score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-electricity","display_name":"electricity access","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-care-capacity","display_name":"primary care capacity","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-information-systems-interoperability","display_name":"health information systems interoperability","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-financing","display_name":"health care financing","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-governance","display_name":"health governance","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/displaced-persons","display_name":"displaced persons","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainable-development-goals","display_name":"Sustainable Development Goals","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-system-capacity","display_name":"health system capacity","score":0.3970000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.6068999767303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68991459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11700776","display_name":"Value proposition","level":2,"score":0.484499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.4465000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126082660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4252370","display_name":"Digital transformation","level":2,"score":0.4422000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.43630000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.4189999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3977999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778605646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223729","display_name":"White paper","level":2,"score":0.3919000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71750763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q646164","display_name":"General partnership","level":2,"score":0.391400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.37880000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778139618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13440398","display_name":"Workforce","level":2,"score":0.36559998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777152325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108163","display_name":"Proposition","level":2,"score":0.3571000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.35589998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.3458999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.34459999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183003079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000371","display_name":"Personalization","level":2,"score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552854447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201","display_name":"Sustainable development","level":2,"score":0.31690001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777950569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17021836","display_name":"Stewardship (theology)","level":3,"score":0.31459999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48243021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932522","display_name":"Strategic planning","level":2,"score":0.3118000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779968149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034851","display_name":"Workforce development","level":3,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781118332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q430460","display_name":"Capability approach","level":2,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22607594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5375150","display_name":"Enabling","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67363961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5268834","display_name":"Information and Communications Technology","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173655357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244752","display_name":"Digital divide","level":3,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780433410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276090","display_name":"Digital health","level":3,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121426985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591763","display_name":"Private sector","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121017731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11661","display_name":"Information technology","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.25029999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778132726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096872","display_name":"Digital Revolution","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdgth.2026.1959721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2026.1959721","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2026.1959721","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2026.1959721/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170686","display_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","issn_l":"2673-253X","issn":["2673-253X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-4","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13683783","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13683783/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13683783/pdf/fdgth-08-1959721.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Digit Health","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42909091","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42909091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in digital health","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9728caf6f5524026b77b3cbe7ad92ccd","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9728caf6f5524026b77b3cbe7ad92ccd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health, Vol 8 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdgth.2026.1959721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2026.1959721","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2026.1959721","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2026.1959721/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170686","display_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","issn_l":"2673-253X","issn":["2673-253X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-4","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Digital Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8371999859809875,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5676000118255615,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220856567.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220856567.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2765304416","https://openalex.org/W3000603264","https://openalex.org/W3023997891","https://openalex.org/W3032766692","https://openalex.org/W3194185186","https://openalex.org/W3209760672","https://openalex.org/W4220733304","https://openalex.org/W4304086172","https://openalex.org/W4383559241","https://openalex.org/W4401321999","https://openalex.org/W4409360529","https://openalex.org/W4410252116","https://openalex.org/W4414120747","https://openalex.org/W7167796703","https://openalex.org/W7202265627","https://openalex.org/W7204632089"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7165548653","https://openalex.org/W7202265627","https://openalex.org/W7203492962","https://openalex.org/W7222502127","https://openalex.org/W7207835100","https://openalex.org/W7140175997","https://openalex.org/W7220365520","https://openalex.org/W7204782627","https://openalex.org/W7169862287","https://openalex.org/W7107939725"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"(AI)":[2],"is":[3,24,40,138],"increasingly":[4],"positioned":[5],"as":[6,144],"a":[7,44,51,83,145,186,191],"mechanism":[8],"for":[9,88],"expanding":[10],"access,":[11],"strengthening":[12],"surveillance,":[13],"improving":[14],"clinical":[15],"decisions,":[16],"and":[17,34,69,77,104,107,130,161,171],"increasing":[18],"health-system":[19,96,195],"efficiency.":[20],"Yet":[21],"AI":[22,85,140,178,184],"implementation":[23,86],"path-dependent:":[25],"its":[26,152],"value":[27],"depends":[28],"on":[29],"the":[30,92,99,116],"health-system,":[31],"digital,":[32],"institutional,":[33],"social":[35],"foundations":[36],"into":[37,190],"which":[38],"it":[39],"introduced.":[41],"Somalia":[42],"provides":[43],"critical":[45],"test":[46],"of":[47,147,194],"this":[48],"proposition":[49],"because":[50],"dynamic":[52],"telecommunications":[53],"ecosystem":[54],"coexists":[55],"with":[56,115],"uneven":[57],"electricity,":[58],"broadband":[59],"use,":[60],"primary":[61,160],"care":[62],"capacity,":[63],"routine":[64],"data":[65],"quality,":[66],"digital":[67,148],"skills,":[68],"governance,":[70],"particularly":[71],"across":[72],"rural,":[73],"pastoralist,":[74],"nomadic,":[75],"displaced,":[76],"drought-affected":[78],"populations.":[79],"This":[80,180],"Perspective":[81],"develops":[82],"foundation-first":[84],"agenda":[87],"Somalia.":[89],"It":[90],"integrates":[91],"World":[93],"Health":[94,125],"Organization":[95],"building":[97],"blocks,":[98],"Nonadoption,":[100],"Abandonment,":[101],"Scale-up,":[102],"Spread":[103],"Sustainability":[105],"framework,":[106],"an":[108],"equity":[109],"lens,":[110],"while":[111],"aligning":[112],"proposed":[113],"actions":[114],"Sustainable":[117],"Development":[118],"Goals,":[119],"Somalia's":[120],"National":[121],"Transformation":[122],"Plan":[123,128],"2025-2029,":[124],"Sector":[126],"Strategic":[127],"III,":[129],"African":[131],"Union":[132],"Agenda":[133],"2063.":[134],"The":[135],"central":[136],"argument":[137],"that":[139],"should":[141,174],"be":[142],"treated":[143],"capstone":[146],"transformation":[149],"rather":[150],"than":[151],"starting":[153],"point.":[154],"Reliable":[155],"energy,":[156],"inclusive":[157],"connectivity,":[158],"strong":[159],"community":[162],"care,":[163],"interoperable":[164],"information":[165],"systems,":[166],"workforce":[167],"capability,":[168],"sustainable":[169],"financing,":[170],"accountable":[172],"governance":[173],"precede":[175],"or":[176],"accompany":[177],"deployment.":[179],"sequencing":[181],"can":[182],"convert":[183],"from":[185],"potentially":[187],"exclusionary":[188],"technology":[189],"context-fit":[192],"multiplier":[193],"capacity.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2026-10-08T00:00:00"}