{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220849937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2026.1895670","title":"Pan-cancer biomarkers of immune therapy resistance: mechanisms and clinical translation","display_name":"Pan-cancer biomarkers of immune therapy resistance: mechanisms and clinical translation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220849937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2026.1895670","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42909279","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13683937"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcell.2026.1895670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2026.1895670","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2026.1895670","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cell-and-developmental-biology/articles/10.3389/fcell.2026.1895670/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596924766","display_name":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology","issn_l":"2296-634X","issn":["2296-634X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cell-and-developmental-biology/articles/10.3389/fcell.2026.1895670/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100407017","display_name":"Chao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6251-7908","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6251-7908","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6602-3112","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7891-3355","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6197-2985"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161255","display_name":"Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05d659s21","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161255"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Gastric Surgery, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Gastric Surgery, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161255"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056574871","display_name":"Dong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3341-474X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3341-474X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161255","display_name":"Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05d659s21","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161255"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Gastric Surgery, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Gastric Surgery, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161255"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056574871"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161255"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53192897,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"1895670","last_page":"1895670"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10158","display_name":"Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10158","display_name":"Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10580","display_name":"Immunotherapy and Immune Responses","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10031","display_name":"T-cell and B-cell Immunology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunotherapy-resistance","display_name":"immunotherapy resistance","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pan-cancer-biomarker","display_name":"pan-cancer biomarker","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pd-1-pd-l1-blockade","display_name":"PD-1/PD-L1 blockade","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-immune-microenvironment","display_name":"tumor immune microenvironment","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/t-cell-exhaustion","display_name":"T cell exhaustion","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/myeloid-immunosuppression","display_name":"myeloid immunosuppression","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metabolic-reprogramming","display_name":"metabolic reprogramming","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferon-signaling","display_name":"interferon signaling","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oncogenic-pathway-activation","display_name":"oncogenic pathway activation","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combination-immunotherapy","display_name":"combination immunotherapy","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-biomarkers","display_name":"predictive biomarkers","score":0.6029999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777701055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427096","display_name":"Immunotherapy","level":3,"score":0.7526000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574","display_name":"Biomarker","level":2,"score":0.5963000059127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780851360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21686041","display_name":"Immune checkpoint","level":4,"score":0.58160001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5723999738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.5123000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780674031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2012719","display_name":"Cancer immunotherapy","level":4,"score":0.4496999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.43149998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779282312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1956561","display_name":"Myeloid","level":2,"score":0.38089999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124535831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915074","display_name":"Biomarker discovery","level":4,"score":0.3743000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502942594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3421914","display_name":"Cancer research","level":1,"score":0.34380000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781230642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q492646","display_name":"Targeted therapy","level":3,"score":0.3411000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776107976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786433","display_name":"Tumor microenvironment","level":3,"score":0.3398999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776090121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193529","display_name":"T cell","level":3,"score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.3327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193419808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1645075","display_name":"Acquired immune system","level":3,"score":0.32659998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776999253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1304270","display_name":"Combination therapy","level":2,"score":0.3107999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83464605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575296","display_name":"Antigen presentation","level":4,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776217527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944828","display_name":"Sensitization","level":2,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21705690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2907609","display_name":"CTLA-4","level":4,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778170410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506253","display_name":"Dendritic cell","level":3,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780480104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18351145","display_name":"Immunoediting","level":4,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778468042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273976","display_name":"Blockade","level":3,"score":0.25360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.2529999911785126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcell.2026.1895670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2026.1895670","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2026.1895670","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cell-and-developmental-biology/articles/10.3389/fcell.2026.1895670/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596924766","display_name":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology","issn_l":"2296-634X","issn":["2296-634X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13683937","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13683937/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13683937/pdf/fcell-14-1895670.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Cell Dev Biol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42909279","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42909279","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in cell and developmental biology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f4d04ff7a04640b08188b62a083885e7","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f4d04ff7a04640b08188b62a083885e7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, Vol 14 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcell.2026.1895670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2026.1895670","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2026.1895670","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cell-and-developmental-biology/articles/10.3389/fcell.2026.1895670/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596924766","display_name":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology","issn_l":"2296-634X","issn":["2296-634X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9763000011444092,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220849937.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220849937.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":88,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498931318","https://openalex.org/W2000725338","https://openalex.org/W2044206705","https://openalex.org/W2054076276","https://openalex.org/W2060727628","https://openalex.org/W2100039832","https://openalex.org/W2139591061","https://openalex.org/W2142530756","https://openalex.org/W2171200115","https://openalex.org/W2201379305","https://openalex.org/W2329974159","https://openalex.org/W2465860350","https://openalex.org/W2519020116","https://openalex.org/W2527905628","https://openalex.org/W2544675721","https://openalex.org/W2550291749","https://openalex.org/W2557336488","https://openalex.org/W2591239368","https://openalex.org/W2612431515","https://openalex.org/W2613167147","https://openalex.org/W2742188140","https://openalex.org/W2742763599","https://openalex.org/W2763186529","https://openalex.org/W2766209631","https://openalex.org/W2785803176","https://openalex.org/W2792937256","https://openalex.org/W2797866384","https://openalex.org/W2909312563","https://openalex.org/W2918954087","https://openalex.org/W2963476376","https://openalex.org/W2986293512","https://openalex.org/W2987822998","https://openalex.org/W3015634062","https://openalex.org/W3040791408","https://openalex.org/W3048476288","https://openalex.org/W3081900803","https://openalex.org/W3110528877","https://openalex.org/W3115435769","https://openalex.org/W3119279345","https://openalex.org/W3121907365","https://openalex.org/W3123800010","https://openalex.org/W3131681136","https://openalex.org/W3139489854","https://openalex.org/W3158215128","https://openalex.org/W3166800855","https://openalex.org/W3171517418","https://openalex.org/W3176985171","https://openalex.org/W3185714107","https://openalex.org/W3213867262","https://openalex.org/W4200168331","https://openalex.org/W4205185015","https://openalex.org/W4206239577","https://openalex.org/W4210312085","https://openalex.org/W4220860542","https://openalex.org/W4225257247","https://openalex.org/W4280509181","https://openalex.org/W4281568982","https://openalex.org/W4282930398","https://openalex.org/W4285493755","https://openalex.org/W4285605328","https://openalex.org/W4290375462","https://openalex.org/W4291582561","https://openalex.org/W4304474516","https://openalex.org/W4322758207","https://openalex.org/W4376629867","https://openalex.org/W4381546664","https://openalex.org/W4386136986","https://openalex.org/W4393205130","https://openalex.org/W4399176411","https://openalex.org/W4399555747","https://openalex.org/W4402552706","https://openalex.org/W4403243250","https://openalex.org/W4406116307","https://openalex.org/W4406270000","https://openalex.org/W4406818361","https://openalex.org/W4406834284","https://openalex.org/W4407631664","https://openalex.org/W4408533525","https://openalex.org/W4409866349","https://openalex.org/W4410096420","https://openalex.org/W4411069266","https://openalex.org/W4412428663","https://openalex.org/W4412488898","https://openalex.org/W4415816112","https://openalex.org/W4416297100","https://openalex.org/W7125744220","https://openalex.org/W7166878417","https://openalex.org/W7167953827"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7172395324","https://openalex.org/W7223564755","https://openalex.org/W7169674149","https://openalex.org/W3043049491","https://openalex.org/W7204590430","https://openalex.org/W7204002740","https://openalex.org/W2772077761","https://openalex.org/W4399830391","https://openalex.org/W4415383364","https://openalex.org/W7203935383"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Immune":[0],"checkpoint":[1,98],"blockade":[2],"targeting":[3],"PD-1/PD-L1":[4],"has":[5],"reshaped":[6],"cancer":[7,109,210],"therapy":[8,67],"across":[9,90],"multiple":[10],"tumor":[11,47],"types.":[12],"However,":[13],"primary":[14],"and":[15,52,74,100,145,150,185,207],"acquired":[16],"resistance":[17,30,68,85,177,183,200],"remain":[18],"major":[19],"barriers":[20],"to":[21,87,192,202],"durable":[22],"clinical":[23,75,115],"benefit.":[24],"Increasing":[25],"evidence":[26,116],"indicates":[27],"that":[28,83],"immunotherapy":[29,121,206],"is":[31],"not":[32,164],"driven":[33],"by":[34,39],"isolated":[35],"molecular":[36],"alterations,":[37,96],"but":[38,171],"coordinated":[40],"changes":[41],"involving":[42],"tumor-intrinsic":[43],"immune":[44,66,97,153],"escape,":[45],"immunosuppressive":[46],"microenvironments,":[48],"systemic":[49,152],"inflammatory":[50],"remodeling,":[51],"adaptive":[53],"biomarker":[54,81,181],"evolution":[55],"under":[56],"therapeutic":[57,88,186],"pressure.":[58],"This":[59],"review":[60,190],"focuses":[61],"on":[62],"pan-cancer":[63,199],"biomarkers":[64,163,201],"of":[65,72,129,168,176],"from":[69],"the":[70,126],"perspective":[71,160,196],"mechanisms":[73,156],"translation.":[76],"First,":[77],"we":[78,106,124],"summarize":[79],"targetable":[80],"classes":[82],"link":[84],"biology":[86],"sensitization":[89,187],"cancers,":[91],"including":[92],"transcription":[93],"factors,":[94],"genomic":[95],"proteins":[99],"metabolic":[101,148],"regulators.":[102],"For":[103],"each":[104],"class,":[105],"highlight":[107],"representative":[108],"types":[110],"in":[111,120],"which":[112],"experimental":[113],"or":[114],"supports":[117],"their":[118],"role":[119],"resistance.":[122],"Second,":[123],"discuss":[125],"mechanistic":[127],"basis":[128],"resistance-associated":[130],"biomarkers,":[131],"emphasizing":[132],"antigen":[133],"presentation":[134],"defects,":[135],"impaired":[136],"interferon":[137],"signaling,":[138],"oncogenic":[139],"pathway":[140],"activation,":[141],"T-cell":[142],"exhaustion,":[143],"myeloid":[144],"stromal":[146],"immunosuppression,":[147],"reprogramming,":[149],"dynamic":[151],"remodeling.":[154],"These":[155],"provide":[157,193],"a":[158,194],"biological":[159],"for":[161,197],"interpreting":[162],"only":[165],"as":[166,173],"predictors":[167],"treatment":[169],"response,":[170],"also":[172],"functional":[174],"indicators":[175],"evolution.":[178],"By":[179],"integrating":[180],"classification,":[182],"mechanisms,":[184],"strategies,":[188],"this":[189],"aims":[191],"new":[195],"using":[198],"guide":[203],"rational":[204],"combination":[205],"improve":[208],"precision":[209],"treatment.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-08T00:00:00"}
