{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220838309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1975030","title":"CuFormer U-Net: a transformer-enhanced multi-task network for cucumber leaf disease detection and segmentation","display_name":"CuFormer U-Net: a transformer-enhanced multi-task network for cucumber leaf disease detection and segmentation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220838309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1975030","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42909094","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13683789"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpls.2026.1975030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1975030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1975030","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1975030/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2493613807","display_name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","issn_l":"1664-462X","issn":["1664-462X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1975030/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130642269","display_name":"Batyrkhan Omarov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8341-7113","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8341-7113"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143508","display_name":"International Information Technologies University","ror":"https://ror.org/042dtza69","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143508"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259453","display_name":"Joldasbekov Institute of Mechanics and Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/028wvjd90","country_code":"KZ","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259453"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Batyrkhan Omarov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematical and Computer Modeling, International Information Technology University","Laboratory of Mechanics of Robots and Manipulators, Joldasbekov Institute of Mechanics and Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical and Computer Modeling, International Information Technology University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Mechanics of Robots and Manipulators, Joldasbekov Institute of Mechanics and Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259453"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137963813","display_name":"Sayat Ibrayev","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259453","display_name":"Joldasbekov Institute of Mechanics and Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/028wvjd90","country_code":"KZ","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259453"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sayat Ibrayev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Mechanics of Robots and Manipulators, Joldasbekov Institute of Mechanics and Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Mechanics of Robots and Manipulators, Joldasbekov Institute of Mechanics and Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259453"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057894497","display_name":"Nurbibi Imanbayeva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6889-3421","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6889-3421"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259453","display_name":"Joldasbekov Institute of Mechanics and Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/028wvjd90","country_code":"KZ","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259453"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nurbibi Imanbayeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Mechanics of Robots and Manipulators, Joldasbekov Institute of Mechanics and Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Mechanics of Robots and Manipulators, Joldasbekov Institute of Mechanics and Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259453"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5130642269"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143508","https://openalex.org/I4405259453"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71674614,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"1975030","last_page":"1975030"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/powdery-mildew","display_name":"powdery mildew","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downy-mildew","display_name":"downy mildew","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-disease-detection","display_name":"plant disease detection","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaf-segmentation","display_name":"leaf segmentation","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-task-learning","display_name":"multi-task learning","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vision-transformer","display_name":"vision transformer","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/u-net","display_name":"U-Net","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-crop-monitoring","display_name":"greenhouse crop monitoring","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-agriculture","display_name":"precision agriculture","score":0.7300000190734863}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7242000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6330999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6072999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5314000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32198211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165044","display_name":"Greenhouse","level":2,"score":0.5242000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.49300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43639999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.3675999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.3582000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.31610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40993552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514654","display_name":"Gold standard (test)","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpls.2026.1975030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1975030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1975030","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1975030/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2493613807","display_name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","issn_l":"1664-462X","issn":["1664-462X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42909094","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42909094","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in plant science","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13683789","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13683789/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Plant Sci","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:29566fadc690482d8049a2b6c379b4f7","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/29566fadc690482d8049a2b6c379b4f7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol 17 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpls.2026.1975030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1975030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2026.1975030","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2026.1975030/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2493613807","display_name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","issn_l":"1664-462X","issn":["1664-462X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Plant Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9208999872207642,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220838309.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220838309.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3085046840","https://openalex.org/W3141797743","https://openalex.org/W3197957534","https://openalex.org/W4206412009","https://openalex.org/W4283641746","https://openalex.org/W4284670866","https://openalex.org/W4284958385","https://openalex.org/W4303859296","https://openalex.org/W4309775104","https://openalex.org/W4312092944","https://openalex.org/W4362654674","https://openalex.org/W4381800089","https://openalex.org/W4386435296","https://openalex.org/W4388564721","https://openalex.org/W4391789614","https://openalex.org/W4392593942","https://openalex.org/W4401486718","https://openalex.org/W4403936280","https://openalex.org/W4404601488","https://openalex.org/W4406488712","https://openalex.org/W4409125838","https://openalex.org/W4410267477","https://openalex.org/W4411394954","https://openalex.org/W4412095032","https://openalex.org/W4416043244","https://openalex.org/W7131677636","https://openalex.org/W7133196671","https://openalex.org/W7133722504","https://openalex.org/W7160432778"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416427717","https://openalex.org/W4390266176","https://openalex.org/W7139030459","https://openalex.org/W4385370182","https://openalex.org/W4410560260","https://openalex.org/W3192504607","https://openalex.org/W4294845098","https://openalex.org/W4313420555","https://openalex.org/W4402557929","https://openalex.org/W7170094258"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cucumber":[0],"foliar":[1],"symptoms":[2],"reduce":[3],"functional":[4],"leaf":[5,199],"area":[6],"and":[7,32,35,47,59,87,93,104,118,167,169,185,191],"complicate":[8],"greenhouse":[9,43,52,143],"scouting.":[10],"This":[11],"study":[12],"presents":[13],"CuFormer":[14,175],"U-Net,":[15],"a":[16,40,178],"Transformer-enhanced":[17],"multi-task":[18,201],"network":[19],"for":[20,69,91,108,132,139,182],"three-class":[21],"image-level":[22],"classification":[23],"on":[24,39],"the":[25,70,140,157],"3,754-image":[26],"Kaggle":[27],"benchmark":[28],"(healthy,":[29],"powdery":[30],"mildew,":[31],"downy":[33],"mildew)":[34],"binary":[36],"visible-symptom":[37],"segmentation":[38],"separate":[41,141],"400-image":[42],"cohort":[44,159],"(200":[45],"healthy":[46],"200":[48],"affected":[49],"leaves).":[50],"The":[51,73,110,121],"annotations":[53],"comprise":[54],"2,705":[55],"rectangles":[56],"(1,741":[57],"color-abnormality":[58],"964":[60],"tissue-damage":[61],"instances);":[62],"rectangle-seeded":[63],"lesion":[64],"masks":[65],"were":[66,78],"manually":[67],"refined":[68],"dense-prediction":[71],"experiments.":[72],"reported":[74],"fixed-split":[75],"point":[76],"estimates":[77],"96.7%":[79],"accuracy,":[80],"96.3%":[81],"macro":[82,85,89,99],"precision,":[83,103],"95.8%":[84],"recall,":[86],"96.0%":[88],"F1":[90],"classification,":[92],"92.4%":[94],"mean":[95],"image-wise":[96],"Dice,":[97],"83.1%":[98],"IoU,":[100],"93.2%":[101],"foreground":[102,106],"91.7%":[105],"recall":[107],"segmentation.":[109],"complete":[111],"internal-validation":[112],"ablation":[113],"configuration":[114],"reached":[115],"93.1%":[116],"Dice":[117],"87.3%":[119],"IoU.":[120],"available":[122],"experiment":[123],"archive":[124],"does":[125],"not":[126,161],"contain":[127],"independent-seed":[128],"reruns,":[129],"per-image":[130],"predictions":[131],"inferential":[133],"testing,":[134],"annotator-level":[135],"masks,":[136],"quantitative":[137],"results":[138],"100-image":[142],"stress-test":[144],"cohort,":[145],"or":[146],"reproducible":[147],"hardware":[148],"profiling.":[149],"Accordingly,":[150],"all":[151],"between-model":[152],"differences":[153],"are":[154],"interpreted":[155],"descriptively,":[156],"external":[158,165],"is":[160,194],"presented":[162],"as":[163],"formal":[164],"validation,":[166],"robustness":[168],"deployment":[170],"claims":[171],"have":[172],"been":[173],"moderated.":[174],"U-Net":[176],"provides":[177],"technically":[179],"motivated":[180],"basis":[181],"joint":[183],"recognition":[184],"spatial":[186],"characterization,":[187],"but":[188],"confirmatory":[189],"multi-run":[190],"multi-site":[192],"evaluation":[193],"required.":[195],"boundary":[196],"refinement,":[197],"cucumber":[198],"disease,":[200,204],"learning,":[202],"plant":[203],"precision":[205],"agriculture,":[206],"semantic":[207],"segmentation,":[208],"vision":[209],"transformer.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2026-10-08T00:00:00"}
