{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220838253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1962805","title":"Psychological outcomes of primary-school physical education interventions: a systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis","display_name":"Psychological outcomes of primary-school physical education interventions: a systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220838253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1962805","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42908619","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13683171"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1962805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1962805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1962805","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1962805/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1962805/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150044166","display_name":"Lebin Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142108993","display_name":"Southwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj4z117","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lebin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Teacher Education, Southwest University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Teacher Education, Southwest University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157836180","display_name":"Yao Huang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142108993","display_name":"Southwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj4z117","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physical Education, Southwest University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physical Education, Southwest University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157860349","display_name":"Di Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94310126","display_name":"Shanxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zd3ta61","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94310126"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Di Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physical Education, Shanxi Normal University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physical Education, Shanxi Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94310126"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140152331","display_name":"Jiaqing meng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I870392255","display_name":"Wuhan Sports University","ror":"https://ror.org/004je0088","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I870392255"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaqing Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Art, Wuhan Sports University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Art, Wuhan Sports University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I870392255"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5150044166"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59115593,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"1962805","last_page":"1962805"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11718","display_name":"Physical Education and Pedagogy","score":0.9535999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11718","display_name":"Physical Education and Pedagogy","score":0.9535999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14229","display_name":"Physical education and sports games research","score":0.015599999576807022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12241","display_name":"Children's Physical and Motor Development","score":0.00930000003427267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-education-intervention","display_name":"physical education intervention","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-school","display_name":"elementary school","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-outcomes","display_name":"psychological outcomes","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intervention-effectiveness","display_name":"intervention effectiveness","score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effect-size-heterogeneity","display_name":"effect size heterogeneity","score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-study-effects","display_name":"small-study effects","score":0.5170000195503235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.77920001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53059260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374758","display_name":"Multilevel model","level":2,"score":0.704800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992879847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374758","display_name":"Multilevel modelling","level":3,"score":0.6326000094413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.5153999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.4966000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.46959999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141330323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2354820","display_name":"Evidence-based practice","level":3,"score":0.38109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71406770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243253","display_name":"Physical education","level":2,"score":0.36629998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.36230000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.3522000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.3422999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92835128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1277447","display_name":"Hierarchical clustering","level":3,"score":0.3221000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993829489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5153317","display_name":"Common core","level":3,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3073999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020255362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747883","display_name":"Physical activity","level":2,"score":0.29440000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018260909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1322871","display_name":"Exploratory analysis","level":2,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176400912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3058662","display_name":"Cluster randomised controlled trial","level":3,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777851258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310752","display_name":"Relationship education","level":2,"score":0.25459998846054077}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1962805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1962805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1962805","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1962805/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13683171","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13683171/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13683171/pdf/fpsyg-17-1962805.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Psychol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42908619","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42908619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in psychology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:df4d4f84a8ba4f41a5e477bdae1a0b2a","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/df4d4f84a8ba4f41a5e477bdae1a0b2a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology, Vol 17 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1962805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1962805","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1962805","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1962805/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506},{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6164000034332275}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"},{"display_name":"Meta-Analysis","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220838253.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220838253.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":115,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968693468","https://openalex.org/W1981188819","https://openalex.org/W1987884113","https://openalex.org/W2001563968","https://openalex.org/W2003220763","https://openalex.org/W2014024630","https://openalex.org/W2021414600","https://openalex.org/W2025586690","https://openalex.org/W2034300374","https://openalex.org/W2044361399","https://openalex.org/W2059527510","https://openalex.org/W2074803096","https://openalex.org/W2076029586","https://openalex.org/W2089151294","https://openalex.org/W2091281390","https://openalex.org/W2093491370","https://openalex.org/W2104657845","https://openalex.org/W2108116635","https://openalex.org/W2110065044","https://openalex.org/W2122517769","https://openalex.org/W2128689084","https://openalex.org/W2134049139","https://openalex.org/W2139168999","https://openalex.org/W2141404594","https://openalex.org/W2146552776","https://openalex.org/W2149759799","https://openalex.org/W2154973070","https://openalex.org/W2158193355","https://openalex.org/W2163287225","https://openalex.org/W2167997731","https://openalex.org/W2229226246","https://openalex.org/W2317922289","https://openalex.org/W2330631625","https://openalex.org/W2342990630","https://openalex.org/W2375829557","https://openalex.org/W2417365627","https://openalex.org/W2464924628","https://openalex.org/W2512671376","https://openalex.org/W2517507430","https://openalex.org/W2532414435","https://openalex.org/W2570555403","https://openalex.org/W2599099107","https://openalex.org/W2609809831","https://openalex.org/W2728579776","https://openalex.org/W2768002814","https://openalex.org/W2889545146","https://openalex.org/W2901724277","https://openalex.org/W2902833505","https://openalex.org/W2921520332","https://openalex.org/W2921869621","https://openalex.org/W2946469550","https://openalex.org/W2968800585","https://openalex.org/W2980674488","https://openalex.org/W3001065916","https://openalex.org/W3012574820","https://openalex.org/W3016249157","https://openalex.org/W3022226702","https://openalex.org/W3025219205","https://openalex.org/W3031739883","https://openalex.org/W3033161637","https://openalex.org/W3033592442","https://openalex.org/W3036598819","https://openalex.org/W3039646448","https://openalex.org/W3078066214","https://openalex.org/W3081357587","https://openalex.org/W3092482484","https://openalex.org/W3096708785","https://openalex.org/W3114640965","https://openalex.org/W3115974049","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3160950902","https://openalex.org/W3176036848","https://openalex.org/W3178973891","https://openalex.org/W3185085821","https://openalex.org/W3200330551","https://openalex.org/W3200917447","https://openalex.org/W3201595739","https://openalex.org/W3206031158","https://openalex.org/W4200270736","https://openalex.org/W4211075179","https://openalex.org/W4213159338","https://openalex.org/W4229083679","https://openalex.org/W4294152639","https://openalex.org/W4320728837","https://openalex.org/W4360815345","https://openalex.org/W4390817460","https://openalex.org/W4390947716","https://openalex.org/W4391993013","https://openalex.org/W4392694725","https://openalex.org/W4394856613","https://openalex.org/W4399391703","https://openalex.org/W4399531870","https://openalex.org/W4400330983","https://openalex.org/W4400406545","https://openalex.org/W4404689147","https://openalex.org/W4405093477","https://openalex.org/W4407296337","https://openalex.org/W4407991076","https://openalex.org/W4408218080","https://openalex.org/W4408410349","https://openalex.org/W4409160748","https://openalex.org/W4411856252","https://openalex.org/W4412725659","https://openalex.org/W4413803471","https://openalex.org/W4414484331","https://openalex.org/W4415205368","https://openalex.org/W4415421793","https://openalex.org/W4415975680","https://openalex.org/W4416574564","https://openalex.org/W7133343356","https://openalex.org/W7142690406","https://openalex.org/W7150883573","https://openalex.org/W7154456503","https://openalex.org/W7155205554","https://openalex.org/W7162333844"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7159862716","https://openalex.org/W4283365558","https://openalex.org/W2801268314","https://openalex.org/W3041386008","https://openalex.org/W7128829145","https://openalex.org/W4214938265","https://openalex.org/W3014353442","https://openalex.org/W4415255718","https://openalex.org/W7171968135","https://openalex.org/W4415123016"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Physical":[1],"education":[2],"(PE)":[3],"offers":[4],"opportunities":[5],"for":[6],"psychological":[7,186],"learning,":[8],"but":[9],"evidence":[10,168],"of":[11,35,145],"benefit":[12],"depends":[13],"on":[14],"the":[15,130,136],"outcome,":[16],"design,":[17],"and":[18,25,53,63,85,105,117,126,176,192,195],"instructional":[19,188],"context.":[20],"Methods:":[21],"This":[22],"systematic":[23],"review":[24],"multilevel":[26],"meta-analysis":[27],"included":[28,99],"74":[29],"reports":[30,43],"from":[31,45,59,102],"70":[32],"trial":[33],"families":[34,104],"primary-school":[36],"PE":[37],"interventions.":[38],"Four":[39],"databases":[40],"covered":[41],"English-language":[42],"published":[44],"January":[46],"2000":[47],"through":[48],"31":[49],"May":[50],"2026.":[51],"Randomized":[52],"nonrandomized":[54],"controlled":[55,91],"studies":[56],"were":[57,82,121],"distinguished":[58],"uncontrolled":[60],"pre":[61],"-post":[62],"short-term":[64],"within-child":[65],"designs.":[66],"Multilevel":[67],"models":[68],"addressed":[69],"dependent":[70],"effects,":[71],"with":[72],"trial-family":[73],"CR2":[74],"inference.":[75],"Results:":[76],"=":[77,108,124],"0.424).":[78],"Model-based":[79],"prediction":[80],"intervals":[81],"[-2.387,":[83],"4.280]":[84],"[-1.368,":[86],"1.799],":[87],"respectively.":[88],"The":[89,115,147],"broader":[90,116,167],"analysis,":[92],"requiring":[93],"additional":[94],"variance":[95],"or":[96],"clustering":[97],"assumptions,":[98],"126":[100],"effects":[101],"28":[103],"yielded":[106],"g":[107],"0.381,":[109],"95%":[110],"CI":[111],"[0.135,":[112],"0.627].":[113],"Discussion:":[114],"combined":[118],"source-informed":[119],"estimates":[120,149],"similar":[122],"(g":[123],"0.381":[125],"0.421,":[127],"respectively),":[128],"although":[129],"latter":[131],"was":[132],"less":[133],"precise;":[134],"because":[135],"analyses":[137],"overlap,":[138],"they":[139],"do":[140],"not":[141],"provide":[142],"independent":[143],"confirmation":[144],"benefit.":[146],"primary":[148],"remain":[150],"too":[151],"uncertain":[152],"to":[153],"define":[154],"a":[155],"dependable":[156],"average":[157],"benefit,":[158],"rather":[159],"than":[160],"demonstrating":[161],"that":[162],"benefits":[163],"are":[164],"absent.":[165],"Positive":[166],"warrants":[169],"attention":[170],"alongside":[171],"substantial":[172],"heterogeneity,":[173],"source-reporting":[174],"limitations,":[175],"an":[177],"inconclusive":[178],"exploratory":[179],"small-study":[180],"diagnostic.":[181],"Future":[182],"trials":[183],"should":[184],"align":[185],"targets,":[187],"content,":[189],"implementation":[190],"measures,":[191],"validated":[193],"outcomes,":[194],"report":[196],"allocation-aware":[197],"uncertainty.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-10-08T00:00:00"}