{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220837919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2026.1990706","title":"Ultra-high-dose-rate pulsed irradiation and the conditional FLASH effect: dosimetry, multiscale biology, and clinical translation","display_name":"Ultra-high-dose-rate pulsed irradiation and the conditional FLASH effect: dosimetry, multiscale biology, and clinical translation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220837919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2026.1990706","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42909922","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13684859"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fonc.2026.1990706","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2026.1990706","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2026.1990706","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1990706/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596394214","display_name":"Frontiers in Oncology","issn_l":"2234-943X","issn":["2234-943X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Oncology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1990706/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157847846","display_name":"Jincheng Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197869895","display_name":"Anhui Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03xb04968","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197869895"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802541053","display_name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02bv3c993","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802541053"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jincheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Military Medical Sciences","School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802541053"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197869895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100718134","display_name":"Hao L\u00fc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6094-458X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6094-458X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802541053","display_name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02bv3c993","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802541053"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hao Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Military Medical Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802541053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157809765","display_name":"Guofu Dong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197869895","display_name":"Anhui Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/03xb04968","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197869895"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802541053","display_name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02bv3c993","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802541053"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guofu Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Military Medical Sciences","School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802541053"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197869895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007556167","display_name":"Changzhen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4736-1183","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4736-1183"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802541053","display_name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02bv3c993","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802541053"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Changzhen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Military Medical Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802541053"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007556167","https://openalex.org/A5100718134","https://openalex.org/A5157809765"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197869895","https://openalex.org/I2802541053"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5799373,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":null,"first_page":"1990706","last_page":"1990706"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":0.5946999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":0.5946999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.3666999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11359","display_name":"Effects of Radiation Exposure","score":0.03550000116229057,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultra-high-dose-rate-irradiation","display_name":"ultra-high dose rate irradiation","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash-effect","display_name":"FLASH effect","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulsed-irradiation","display_name":"pulsed irradiation","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dose-rate-effects","display_name":"dose rate dependence","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normal-tissue-toxicity","display_name":"normal tissue toxicity","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-control","display_name":"tumor control","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-beam-therapy","display_name":"electron beam therapy","score":0.42899999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton-therapy","display_name":"proton therapy","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heavy-ion-radiotherapy","display_name":"heavy ion radiotherapy","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/very-high-energy-electrons","display_name":"very high energy electrons","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxygen-dynamics","display_name":"oxygen dynamics","score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiation-quality","display_name":"radiation quality","score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-translation","display_name":"clinical translation","score":0.621999979019165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.5888000130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111337013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2737837","display_name":"Irradiation","level":2,"score":0.5788999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47929999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221836","display_name":"Flash (photography)","level":2,"score":0.4496999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9893847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425625","display_name":"Reproducibility","level":2,"score":0.3822000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509974204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180507","display_name":"Radiation therapy","level":2,"score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983453321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40397","display_name":"Biological tissue","level":2,"score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.3538999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128544194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474859","display_name":"Translational research","level":2,"score":0.34439998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.34049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775842073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208376","display_name":"Positron emission tomography","level":2,"score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3057999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.303600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.29750001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54516573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294","display_name":"Proton","level":2,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.2606000006198883}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fonc.2026.1990706","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2026.1990706","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2026.1990706","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1990706/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596394214","display_name":"Frontiers in Oncology","issn_l":"2234-943X","issn":["2234-943X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Oncology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13684859","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13684859/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13684859/pdf/fonc-16-1990706.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Oncol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42909922","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42909922","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in oncology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8dfdb6d9fe174c37a9da51576fce9017","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8dfdb6d9fe174c37a9da51576fce9017","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Oncology, Vol 16 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fonc.2026.1990706","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2026.1990706","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2026.1990706","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1990706/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596394214","display_name":"Frontiers in Oncology","issn_l":"2234-943X","issn":["2234-943X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Oncology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9537000060081482,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220837919.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220837919.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":114,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971747664","https://openalex.org/W1980020949","https://openalex.org/W2027501539","https://openalex.org/W2038739812","https://openalex.org/W2566722740","https://openalex.org/W2619354600","https://openalex.org/W2805362264","https://openalex.org/W2806116757","https://openalex.org/W2838179470","https://openalex.org/W2888778960","https://openalex.org/W2915027428","https://openalex.org/W2918729233","https://openalex.org/W2936488270","https://openalex.org/W2940040835","https://openalex.org/W2946335416","https://openalex.org/W2946753897","https://openalex.org/W2954064807","https://openalex.org/W2958174590","https://openalex.org/W2969623529","https://openalex.org/W2982481620","https://openalex.org/W2990448906","https://openalex.org/W2992224702","https://openalex.org/W2994712967","https://openalex.org/W2998202461","https://openalex.org/W3000135998","https://openalex.org/W3009918684","https://openalex.org/W3030683835","https://openalex.org/W3034230591","https://openalex.org/W3037264706","https://openalex.org/W3081736292","https://openalex.org/W3082935350","https://openalex.org/W3085312882","https://openalex.org/W3092883299","https://openalex.org/W3093203404","https://openalex.org/W3112195456","https://openalex.org/W3127620575","https://openalex.org/W3130766121","https://openalex.org/W3159171143","https://openalex.org/W3174141831","https://openalex.org/W3175846574","https://openalex.org/W3194152576","https://openalex.org/W3211606847","https://openalex.org/W4200112877","https://openalex.org/W4206272091","https://openalex.org/W4206483997","https://openalex.org/W4207032892","https://openalex.org/W4210638416","https://openalex.org/W4213380235","https://openalex.org/W4223440001","https://openalex.org/W4223463822","https://openalex.org/W4223987268","https://openalex.org/W4229021638","https://openalex.org/W4229079231","https://openalex.org/W4280631247","https://openalex.org/W4281965185","https://openalex.org/W4293513991","https://openalex.org/W4297225700","https://openalex.org/W4304587310","https://openalex.org/W4307116049","https://openalex.org/W4307773742","https://openalex.org/W4309512170","https://openalex.org/W4311200312","https://openalex.org/W4315631603","https://openalex.org/W4362589321","https://openalex.org/W4365452987","https://openalex.org/W4365454428","https://openalex.org/W4366180230","https://openalex.org/W4366498194","https://openalex.org/W4367301480","https://openalex.org/W4377011022","https://openalex.org/W4380358547","https://openalex.org/W4383873212","https://openalex.org/W4384119750","https://openalex.org/W4387893694","https://openalex.org/W4389831212","https://openalex.org/W4390906229","https://openalex.org/W4391650204","https://openalex.org/W4396621856","https://openalex.org/W4399061892","https://openalex.org/W4399680050","https://openalex.org/W4399701571","https://openalex.org/W4400237547","https://openalex.org/W4400594978","https://openalex.org/W4402291299","https://openalex.org/W4402749023","https://openalex.org/W4403500967","https://openalex.org/W4404191903","https://openalex.org/W4404365596","https://openalex.org/W4404858699","https://openalex.org/W4407448263","https://openalex.org/W4407722364","https://openalex.org/W4409191490","https://openalex.org/W4409290781","https://openalex.org/W4409328699","https://openalex.org/W4409637405","https://openalex.org/W4410032116","https://openalex.org/W4411453959","https://openalex.org/W4414077532","https://openalex.org/W4414477376","https://openalex.org/W4415279720","https://openalex.org/W4415518277","https://openalex.org/W4415816089","https://openalex.org/W4416389649","https://openalex.org/W7118097388","https://openalex.org/W7119530232","https://openalex.org/W7124446766","https://openalex.org/W7126432520","https://openalex.org/W7130381044","https://openalex.org/W7131433667","https://openalex.org/W7132815792","https://openalex.org/W7165358661","https://openalex.org/W7165733285","https://openalex.org/W7165761451","https://openalex.org/W7203745340"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3214304345","https://openalex.org/W4402625088","https://openalex.org/W7214794021","https://openalex.org/W4394982080","https://openalex.org/W4319659536","https://openalex.org/W4392045626","https://openalex.org/W7033543485","https://openalex.org/W4415712462","https://openalex.org/W4402036434","https://openalex.org/W4387312344"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ultra-high-dose-rate":[0],"(UHDR)":[1],"pulsed":[2],"irradiation":[3,43,220],"can":[4],"deliver":[5],"therapeutic":[6],"doses":[7],"within":[8],"an":[9],"extremely":[10],"short":[11],"time":[12,102,165],"window,":[13],"but":[14,214],"UHDR":[15,83,200],"is":[16,25,34],"a":[17,26,38,119,122,168],"physical":[18,57],"delivery":[19,145,201],"state,":[20],"whereas":[21],"the":[22,69,126,196],"FLASH":[23,127],"effect":[24],"conditional":[27,89],"comparative":[28,215,245],"phenotype":[29],"in":[30],"which":[31],"normal-tissue":[32,92,235],"injury":[33],"reduced":[35],"relative":[36],"to":[37,182],"spatially":[39],"dose-comparable":[40],"conventional-dose-rate":[41],"(CDR)":[42],"comparator":[44],"without":[45],"loss":[46],"of":[47,75,198],"tumor":[48,94,241],"control.":[49],"This":[50],"Review":[51],"integrates":[52],"evidence":[53,105],"across":[54,91,164],"four":[55],"levels:":[56],"exposure":[58],"characterization,":[59],"dosimetric":[60],"measurement,":[61],"biological":[62,156],"comparison,":[63],"and":[64,72,81,88,93,96,131,155,179,184,205,208,243],"clinical":[65,199,216,246],"translation.":[66],"We":[67],"examine":[68],"temporal":[70],"structure":[71],"quality-assurance":[73],"requirements":[74],"electron,":[76,78],"very-high-energy":[77],"photon,":[79],"proton,":[80],"heavy-ion":[82],"platforms;":[84],"synthesize":[85],"positive,":[86],"negative,":[87],"findings":[90],"models;":[95],"integrate":[97],"mechanistic":[98],"studies":[99,193],"spanning":[100],"multiple":[101],"scales.":[103],"Current":[104],"does":[106],"not":[107,222],"support":[108],"40":[109],"Gy/s,":[110],"or":[111,121],"any":[112],"single":[113,169],"average":[114],"dose-rate":[115],"metric,":[116],"as":[117],"either":[118],"sufficient":[120],"necessary":[123],"threshold":[124],"for":[125],"effect.":[128],"Effect":[129],"magnitude":[130],"reproducibility":[132],"are":[133],"more":[134],"likely":[135],"determined":[136],"jointly":[137],"by":[138,251],"dose":[139],"per":[140],"pulse,":[141],"pulse":[142],"structure,":[143],"total":[144],"time,":[146],"fractionation,":[147],"irradiated":[148],"volume,":[149],"radiation":[150],"quality,":[151],"tissue-specific":[152],"radiobiological":[153],"characteristics,":[154],"state.":[157],"Mechanistic":[158],"data":[159],"likewise":[160],"favor":[161],"multiscale":[162],"coupling":[163],"rather":[166],"than":[167],"explanatory":[170],"pathway,":[171],"although":[172],"several":[173],"causal":[174],"links":[175],"from":[176],"early":[177],"oxygen":[178],"radical":[180],"dynamics":[181],"cellular":[183],"tissue":[185],"outcomes":[186],"still":[187],"lack":[188],"direct":[189],"interventional":[190],"validation.":[191],"Human":[192],"have":[194,209],"established":[195],"feasibility":[197],"on":[202],"selected":[203],"electron":[204],"proton":[206],"platforms":[207],"provided":[210],"preliminary":[211],"safety":[212],"data,":[213],"benefit":[217],"over":[218],"CDR":[219],"has":[221],"yet":[223],"been":[224],"demonstrated.":[225],"Further":[226],"translation":[227],"should":[228],"therefore":[229],"prioritize":[230],"pulse-resolved":[231],"traceable":[232],"dosimetry,":[233],"organ-specific":[234],"dose-response":[236],"relationships,":[237],"late":[238],"toxicity,":[239],"comparable":[240],"control,":[242],"concurrent":[244],"endpoints,":[247],"with":[248],"expansion":[249],"guided":[250],"prespecified":[252],"stage-gated":[253],"translational":[254],"criteria.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2026-10-08T00:00:00"}
