{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220836396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1940474","title":"Deep brain stimulation as neuroimmune-metabolic modulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease and beyond: tissue response, glial remodeling, and disease modification","display_name":"Deep brain stimulation as neuroimmune-metabolic modulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease and beyond: tissue response, glial remodeling, and disease modification","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220836396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1940474","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42909311","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13684003"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1940474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1940474","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1940474","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1940474/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595292759","display_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","issn_l":"1664-3224","issn":["1664-3224"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1940474/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089935373","display_name":"Hao Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0320-3217","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0320-3217"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Gaoxin Hospital Affiliated to West China Second School of Medicine, Sichuan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Gaoxin Hospital Affiliated to West China Second School of Medicine, Sichuan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157856446","display_name":"Xiaolong Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089761","display_name":"West China Hospital of Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/007mrxy13","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089761"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976","https://openalex.org/I4210089761"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104267900","display_name":"Dihu Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3017480383","display_name":"Southwest Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2rqs52","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dihu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southwest Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southwest Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3017480383"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135054151","display_name":"Youheng Peng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089761","display_name":"West China Hospital of Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/007mrxy13","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089761"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youheng Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976","https://openalex.org/I4210089761"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121938423","display_name":"Maoyu Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089761","display_name":"West China Hospital of Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/007mrxy13","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089761"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maoyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976","https://openalex.org/I4210089761"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089643293","display_name":"Hao Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3031-5121","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3031-5121"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089761","display_name":"West China Hospital of Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/007mrxy13","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089761"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976","https://openalex.org/I4210089761"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102642944","display_name":"Yang Wu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089761","display_name":"West China Hospital of Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/007mrxy13","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089761"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976","https://openalex.org/I4210089761"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976","https://openalex.org/I4210089761"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085423647","display_name":"Linglong Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9357-8302","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9357-8302","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0849-8084"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128921","display_name":"The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/037p24858","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128921"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linglong Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100735908","display_name":"Wei Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5972-8894","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5972-8894","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5345-3829"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089761","display_name":"West China Hospital of Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/007mrxy13","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089761"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976","https://openalex.org/I4210089761"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157821111","display_name":"Wei Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089761","display_name":"West China Hospital of Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/007mrxy13","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089761"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976","https://openalex.org/I4210089761"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157074259","display_name":"Senlin Yin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089761","display_name":"West China Hospital of Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/007mrxy13","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089761"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Senlin Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976","https://openalex.org/I4210089761"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5157074259"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976","https://openalex.org/I4210089761"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56889433,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"1940474","last_page":"1940474"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10919","display_name":"Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10919","display_name":"Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12580","display_name":"Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10085","display_name":"Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-brain-stimulation","display_name":"deep brain stimulation","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parkinson-s-disease","display_name":"Parkinson's disease","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroimmunomodulation","display_name":"neuroimmunomodulation","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-energy-metabolism","display_name":"brain energy metabolism","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gliosis","display_name":"gliosis","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-brain-barrier-disruption","display_name":"blood-brain barrier disruption","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-body-reaction","display_name":"foreign body reaction","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microglia","display_name":"microglia","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astrocytes","display_name":"astrocytes","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inflammasome","display_name":"inflammasome","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glucose-utilization","display_name":"glucose utilization","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxidative-stress","display_name":"oxidative stress","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurotrophic-signaling","display_name":"neurotrophic signaling","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bdnf-trkb-signaling","display_name":"BDNF/TrkB signaling","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mitophagy","display_name":"mitophagy","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/excitotoxicity","display_name":"excitotoxicity","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-modification","display_name":"disease modification","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrode-tissue-interface","display_name":"electrode-tissue interface","score":0.7670000195503235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778542668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618076","display_name":"Deep brain stimulation","level":4,"score":0.8084999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.7315000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25498285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981368","display_name":"Neuroprotection","level":2,"score":0.6158000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5730999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.526199996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.4715999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779830541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1622829","display_name":"Microglia","level":3,"score":0.4625000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776914184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101991","display_name":"Inflammation","level":2,"score":0.4528999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24998067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4114622","display_name":"Stimulation","level":2,"score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777209026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412405","display_name":"Inflammasome","level":3,"score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61174792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420510","display_name":"Glutamate receptor","level":3,"score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160539049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3064187","display_name":"Neurotrophic factors","level":3,"score":0.4147999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87753298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17157137","display_name":"Neuroinflammation","level":3,"score":0.40130001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778609137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105790271","display_name":"Myelin","level":3,"score":0.36660000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778690821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212354","display_name":"Cytokine","level":2,"score":0.3643999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909079248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954257","display_name":"Degenerative Disorder","level":3,"score":0.3614000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529278444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47273","display_name":"Central nervous system","level":2,"score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776925932","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755122","display_name":"Neurodegeneration","level":3,"score":0.34150001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781012912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901117","display_name":"Excitotoxicity","level":4,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16568411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83042","display_name":"Neurology","level":2,"score":0.33250001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777542381","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502961","display_name":"Astrocyte","level":3,"score":0.3244999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898814","display_name":"Oxidative stress","level":2,"score":0.320499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92020748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420457","display_name":"Neurotrophin","level":3,"score":0.32010000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502032728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081","display_name":"Alzheimer's disease","level":3,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777427615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954257","display_name":"Degenerative disease","level":3,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777701055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427096","display_name":"Immunotherapy","level":3,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778790584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123045","display_name":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor","level":4,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777803708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603398","display_name":"Transcranial direct-current stimulation","level":3,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985799443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4955838","display_name":"Brain stimulation","level":3,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94030615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3346925","display_name":"Necroptosis","level":4,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68710172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14906191","display_name":"Ciliary neurotrophic factor","level":4,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13373296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421866","display_name":"Chemokine","level":3,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777619251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7312279","display_name":"Remyelination","level":4,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778187257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464210","display_name":"Basal ganglia","level":3,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991678113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427096","display_name":"Immune modulation","level":3,"score":0.2567000091075897}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009457","descriptor_name":"Neuroglia","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009457","descriptor_name":"Neuroglia","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010300","descriptor_name":"Parkinson Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010300","descriptor_name":"Parkinson Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010300","descriptor_name":"Parkinson Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015213","descriptor_name":"Neuroimmunomodulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D046690","descriptor_name":"Deep Brain Stimulation","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D046690","descriptor_name":"Deep Brain Stimulation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1940474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1940474","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1940474","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1940474/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595292759","display_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","issn_l":"1664-3224","issn":["1664-3224"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13684003","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13684003/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13684003/pdf/fimmu-17-1940474.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Immunol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42909311","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42909311","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in immunology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:58f1820d31f24e50b98c4852ba6b981f","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/58f1820d31f24e50b98c4852ba6b981f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Immunology, Vol 17 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1940474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1940474","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1940474","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1940474/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595292759","display_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","issn_l":"1664-3224","issn":["1664-3224"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9940000176429749}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220836396.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220836396.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":98,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1546232808","https://openalex.org/W1576769039","https://openalex.org/W1829183563","https://openalex.org/W1981128350","https://openalex.org/W2006479780","https://openalex.org/W2006696253","https://openalex.org/W2034939939","https://openalex.org/W2045109611","https://openalex.org/W2080511504","https://openalex.org/W2086816316","https://openalex.org/W2090157379","https://openalex.org/W2090790217","https://openalex.org/W2144855357","https://openalex.org/W2149476088","https://openalex.org/W2150941544","https://openalex.org/W2161558564","https://openalex.org/W2339834709","https://openalex.org/W2407656459","https://openalex.org/W2477160571","https://openalex.org/W2560712730","https://openalex.org/W2622109244","https://openalex.org/W2626120732","https://openalex.org/W2638382976","https://openalex.org/W2749874677","https://openalex.org/W2769945710","https://openalex.org/W2790870786","https://openalex.org/W2796260808","https://openalex.org/W2885461251","https://openalex.org/W2889839969","https://openalex.org/W2896809690","https://openalex.org/W2898358557","https://openalex.org/W2899566368","https://openalex.org/W2901263937","https://openalex.org/W2902812364","https://openalex.org/W2904701356","https://openalex.org/W2916020602","https://openalex.org/W2919580190","https://openalex.org/W2921116799","https://openalex.org/W2937204925","https://openalex.org/W2938730938","https://openalex.org/W2949950011","https://openalex.org/W2953368068","https://openalex.org/W2991488733","https://openalex.org/W3002742283","https://openalex.org/W3011802680","https://openalex.org/W3015747477","https://openalex.org/W3033026625","https://openalex.org/W3039047012","https://openalex.org/W3045733764","https://openalex.org/W3049316820","https://openalex.org/W3080632072","https://openalex.org/W3092741381","https://openalex.org/W3093109627","https://openalex.org/W3096402170","https://openalex.org/W3108101231","https://openalex.org/W3125139689","https://openalex.org/W3164236065","https://openalex.org/W3164302573","https://openalex.org/W3175811355","https://openalex.org/W3194361310","https://openalex.org/W3209030750","https://openalex.org/W4200349851","https://openalex.org/W4210446393","https://openalex.org/W4220785683","https://openalex.org/W4220875195","https://openalex.org/W4224297855","https://openalex.org/W4224700161","https://openalex.org/W4280605848","https://openalex.org/W4281784071","https://openalex.org/W4283271968","https://openalex.org/W4283364966","https://openalex.org/W4283388754","https://openalex.org/W4285400710","https://openalex.org/W4296217258","https://openalex.org/W4304588902","https://openalex.org/W4310645328","https://openalex.org/W4310782884","https://openalex.org/W4313577004","https://openalex.org/W4328049527","https://openalex.org/W4365459497","https://openalex.org/W4366977635","https://openalex.org/W4367180909","https://openalex.org/W4384522145","https://openalex.org/W4385950368","https://openalex.org/W4386102685","https://openalex.org/W4390666968","https://openalex.org/W4392515896","https://openalex.org/W4399325494","https://openalex.org/W4403045201","https://openalex.org/W4403524908","https://openalex.org/W4403920830","https://openalex.org/W4406633015","https://openalex.org/W4410312070","https://openalex.org/W4410864646","https://openalex.org/W4412855792","https://openalex.org/W4413009061","https://openalex.org/W7116696041","https://openalex.org/W7125107968"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4407272388","https://openalex.org/W4403920830","https://openalex.org/W4393951118","https://openalex.org/W7130656079","https://openalex.org/W3163336574","https://openalex.org/W7116696041","https://openalex.org/W2000564381","https://openalex.org/W4289755640","https://openalex.org/W7132119976","https://openalex.org/W3109080428"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"brain":[1],"stimulation":[2,66],"(DBS)":[3],"is":[4,49],"an":[5],"established":[6],"symptomatic":[7,213],"therapy":[8,215],"for":[9],"Parkinson's":[10],"disease":[11,61],"(PD),":[12],"yet":[13],"its":[14],"biological":[15,84],"effects":[16,108,156],"extend":[17],"beyond":[18],"modulation":[19],"of":[20,109],"abnormal":[21],"basal":[22],"ganglia":[23],"circuitry.":[24],"This":[25],"review":[26],"conceptualizes":[27],"DBS":[28,113,187,207],"in":[29,63,141,235],"PD":[30,48],"as":[31,188,199,211],"a":[32,60,136,189,212,232],"neuroimmune-metabolic":[33],"intervention":[34],"acting":[35],"across":[36],"the":[37,107],"electrode-tissue":[38],"interface,":[39],"glial":[40],"networks,":[41],"peripheral":[42],"immunity,":[43],"and":[44,54,74,98,120,128,151,159,178,205,222],"activity-dependent":[45],"metabolic":[46,55,146,223],"systems.":[47],"characterized":[50],"by":[51,161],"convergent":[52],"immune":[53,130,203],"vulnerability.":[56],"These":[57],"processes":[58],"create":[59],"environment":[62],"which":[64,101],"electrical":[65],"may":[67,114,217],"interact":[68,219],"with":[69,106,220],"inflammation,":[70],"excitotoxicity,":[71],"bioenergetic":[72],"stress,":[73,150],"neuronal":[75],"resilience.":[76],"We":[77],"distinguish":[78],"implantation-related":[79],"tissue":[80],"responses":[81],"from":[82],"stimulation-induced":[83],"remodeling.":[85],"Electrode":[86],"insertion":[87],"produces":[88],"acute":[89],"injury,":[90],"blood-brain":[91],"barrier":[92],"(BBB)":[93],"disruption,":[94],"peri-electrode":[95],"edema,":[96],"gliosis,":[97],"foreign-body":[99],"responses,":[100],"should":[102,194,208],"not":[103],"be":[104,209],"conflated":[105],"chronic":[110],"stimulation.":[111],"Active":[112],"modulate":[115],"central":[116],"cytokine":[117],"expression,":[118,148],"microglial":[119],"astrocytic":[121,125],"phenotypes,":[122],"inflammasome":[123],"activity,":[124],"glutamate":[126],"transport,":[127],"brain-peripheral":[129],"crosstalk.":[131],"Emerging":[132],"evidence":[133,182,227],"also":[134,218],"suggests":[135],"neurometabolic":[137],"dimension,":[138],"including":[139],"changes":[140],"regional":[142],"glucose":[143],"utilization,":[144],"PD-related":[145],"network":[147],"oxidative":[149],"neurotrophic":[152],"signaling.":[153],"However,":[154],"these":[155],"are":[157],"context-dependent":[158],"influenced":[160],"multiple":[162,196],"factors.":[163],"Although":[164],"preclinical":[165],"studies":[166,193],"support":[167],"potential":[168],"neuroprotective":[169],"mechanisms":[170],"involving":[171],"BDNF/TrkB":[172],"signaling,":[173],"mitophagy,":[174],"reduced":[175],"excitotoxic-inflammatory":[176],"coupling,":[177],"immune-metabolic":[179],"rebalancing,":[180],"clinical":[181],"remains":[183,228],"insufficient":[184,229],"to":[185,230],"establish":[186,231],"disease-modifying":[190,233],"therapy.":[191],"Future":[192],"integrate":[195],"methods":[197],"such":[198],"longitudinal":[200],"imaging,":[201],"electrophysiology,":[202],"profiling":[204],"metabolomics.":[206],"understood":[210],"circuit-based":[214],"that":[216],"neuroimmune":[221],"processes,":[224],"while":[225],"current":[226],"role":[234],"PD.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-08T00:00:00"}
