{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220834337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7565438","title":"Estonia: From the Bronze Night to Cybersecurity Pioneers","display_name":"Estonia: From the Bronze Night to Cybersecurity Pioneers","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220834337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7565438"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.7565438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7565438","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7565438","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7565438","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128614012","display_name":"Nick Robinson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124357947","display_name":"University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04cw6st05","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184558857","display_name":"Royal Holloway University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04g2vpn86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I184558857"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nick Robinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of London - Royal Holloway College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of London - Royal Holloway College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I184558857"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080644043","display_name":"Alex Hardy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4749-8611","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4749-8611"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124357947","display_name":"University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04cw6st05","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184558857","display_name":"Royal Holloway University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04g2vpn86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I184558857"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alex Hardy","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Liverpool, Chatham Street, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, United Kingdom","University of London - Royal Holloway College"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4749-8611","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Liverpool, Chatham Street, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of London - Royal Holloway College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I184558857"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080644043"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I146655781","https://openalex.org/I184558857"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10953","display_name":"E-Government and Public Services","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10953","display_name":"E-Government and Public Services","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14282","display_name":"Security, Politics, and Digital Transformation","score":0.015300000086426735,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11479","display_name":"Smart Cities and Technologies","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estonia","display_name":"Estonia","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cybersecurity","display_name":"cybersecurity","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/e-governance","display_name":"digital governance","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-society","display_name":"digital society","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-identity","display_name":"digital identity","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-identity-card","display_name":"national identity card","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-services","display_name":"online services","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-voting","display_name":"online voting","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-public-services","display_name":"digital public services","score":0.5460000038146973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780343955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333173","display_name":"Surprise","level":2,"score":0.6263999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6029000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35651441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625303","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","level":2,"score":0.5845000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779018934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129653","display_name":"Everyday life","level":2,"score":0.5177000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.48339998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.46540001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4260999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.420199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779813694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q528053","display_name":"Digital identity","level":3,"score":0.3467999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.33309999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.328900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778407155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1880695","display_name":"National identity","level":3,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522325796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471880","display_name":"Identity theft","level":2,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110406131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41349","display_name":"Smart card","level":2,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780612046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926161","display_name":"Electronic voting","level":4,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.7565438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7565438","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7565438","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.7565438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7565438","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7565438","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.7207000255584717,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.6601999998092651,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2795244013","https://openalex.org/W6925536714","https://openalex.org/W3183621143","https://openalex.org/W7215657490","https://openalex.org/W3204111293","https://openalex.org/W4411570839","https://openalex.org/W2901149296","https://openalex.org/W7028491228","https://openalex.org/W2995842081","https://openalex.org/W7220206837"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-10-08T00:00:00"}
