{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7220833639","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1931902","title":"Probiotics in type 1 diabetes: immunomodulatory mechanisms and the unresolved question of clinical efficacy","display_name":"Probiotics in type 1 diabetes: immunomodulatory mechanisms and the unresolved question of clinical efficacy","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7220833639","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1931902","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42909882","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13684425"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1931902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1931902","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1931902","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1931902/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595292759","display_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","issn_l":"1664-3224","issn":["1664-3224"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1931902/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140574369","display_name":"Simiao Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116517","display_name":"Shandong Provincial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02ar2nf05","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116517"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163399","display_name":"Shandong First Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jb9pq57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163399"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simiao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116517","https://openalex.org/I4210163399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157872332","display_name":"Lu Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116517","display_name":"Shandong Provincial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02ar2nf05","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116517"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163399","display_name":"Shandong First Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jb9pq57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163399"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116517","https://openalex.org/I4210163399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157848949","display_name":"Shuotong Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116517","display_name":"Shandong Provincial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02ar2nf05","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116517"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163399","display_name":"Shandong First Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jb9pq57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163399"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuotong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116517","https://openalex.org/I4210163399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100433127","display_name":"Jun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2267-0182","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2267-0182"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116517","display_name":"Shandong Provincial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02ar2nf05","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116517"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163399","display_name":"Shandong First Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jb9pq57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163399"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116517","https://openalex.org/I4210163399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157804756","display_name":"Xin Yan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116517","display_name":"Shandong Provincial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02ar2nf05","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116517"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163399","display_name":"Shandong First Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jb9pq57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163399"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xin Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Oncology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Oncology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116517","https://openalex.org/I4210163399"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025145882","display_name":"Zhongming Wu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116517","display_name":"Shandong Provincial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02ar2nf05","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116517"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163399","display_name":"Shandong First Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jb9pq57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163399"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhongming Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116517","https://openalex.org/I4210163399"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025145882","https://openalex.org/A5157804756"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116517","https://openalex.org/I4210163399"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.42255266,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"1931902","last_page":"1931902"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10141","display_name":"Probiotics and Fermented Foods","score":0.9463000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10141","display_name":"Probiotics and Fermented Foods","score":0.9463000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11171","display_name":"Diabetes and associated disorders","score":0.038100000470876694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10066","display_name":"Gut microbiota and health","score":0.010599999688565731,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probiotics","display_name":"probiotics","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-1-diabetes","display_name":"type 1 diabetes","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gut-microbiota","display_name":"gut microbiota","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gut-dysbiosis","display_name":"gut dysbiosis","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunomodulation","display_name":"immunomodulation","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/islet-autoimmunity","display_name":"islet autoimmunity","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-tolerance","display_name":"immune tolerance","score":0.6420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probiotic-safety","display_name":"probiotic safety","score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetically-modified-bacteria","display_name":"engineered bacteria","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-prevention","display_name":"diabetes prevention","score":0.4440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adjuvant-therapy","display_name":"adjuvant therapy","score":0.7570000290870667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6653000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780255968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1816730","display_name":"Probiotic","level":3,"score":0.6007999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.5985000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777165150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269334","display_name":"Dysbiosis","level":3,"score":0.5968000292778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.5512999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.5285000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.47909998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539455810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739734","display_name":"Gut flora","level":2,"score":0.4708999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777701055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427096","display_name":"Immunotherapy","level":3,"score":0.4332999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992053201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2585693","display_name":"Clinical efficacy","level":2,"score":0.4203000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777863537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357896","display_name":"Adjuvant","level":2,"score":0.4129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.37880000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.37630000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32220436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072214","display_name":"Personalized medicine","level":2,"score":0.3675000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148482608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007018","display_name":"Clinical study design","level":3,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779075594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8084905","display_name":"Autoimmune disease","level":3,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128544194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474859","display_name":"Translational research","level":2,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66782513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864601","display_name":"Biomedicine","level":2,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780130043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192360","display_name":"Autoimmunity","level":3,"score":0.27880001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777702733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1356761","display_name":"Immune tolerance","level":3,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778489779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135368","display_name":"Saccharomyces boulardii","level":4,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781232474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124407","display_name":"Type 1 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779341262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182581","display_name":"Immunity","level":3,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779779143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493547","display_name":"Desensitization (medicine)","level":3,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143121216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330402","display_name":"Microbiome","level":2,"score":0.25360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140608501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7318358","display_name":"Review article","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069196","descriptor_name":"Gastrointestinal Microbiome","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007167","descriptor_name":"Immunotherapy","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016896","descriptor_name":"Treatment Outcome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019936","descriptor_name":"Probiotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D056747","descriptor_name":"Immunomodulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1931902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1931902","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1931902","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1931902/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595292759","display_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","issn_l":"1664-3224","issn":["1664-3224"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13684425","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13684425/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13684425/pdf/fimmu-17-1931902.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Immunol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42909882","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42909882","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in immunology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:32925d3ca3ff4dd4b96ce460f086bf69","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/32925d3ca3ff4dd4b96ce460f086bf69","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Immunology, Vol 17 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1931902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1931902","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1931902","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1931902/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595292759","display_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","issn_l":"1664-3224","issn":["1664-3224"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1700850945","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"82300253","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000926712","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TSQN202312354\uff09","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313681","funder_display_name":"Taishan Scholar Foundation of Shandong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313681","display_name":"Taishan Scholar Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328999","display_name":"Shandong First Medical University","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329000","display_name":"Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05jb9pq57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220833639.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7220833639.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":179,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1473667822","https://openalex.org/W1705462870","https://openalex.org/W2024063439","https://openalex.org/W2072292020","https://openalex.org/W2093090129","https://openalex.org/W2099382894","https://openalex.org/W2109087674","https://openalex.org/W2130986448","https://openalex.org/W2167390998","https://openalex.org/W2335889251","https://openalex.org/W2603850261","https://openalex.org/W2622633708","https://openalex.org/W2754615227","https://openalex.org/W2761359406","https://openalex.org/W2783843471","https://openalex.org/W2805467316","https://openalex.org/W2888394101","https://openalex.org/W2891865231","https://openalex.org/W2912406845","https://openalex.org/W2913671661","https://openalex.org/W2915779410","https://openalex.org/W2945009339","https://openalex.org/W2952570360","https://openalex.org/W2953750576","https://openalex.org/W2955323986","https://openalex.org/W2982584300","https://openalex.org/W2998051599","https://openalex.org/W2998833459","https://openalex.org/W3000661713","https://openalex.org/W3004722943","https://openalex.org/W3013062548","https://openalex.org/W3093243853","https://openalex.org/W3100646843","https://openalex.org/W3109945733","https://openalex.org/W3113760113","https://openalex.org/W3123142193","https://openalex.org/W3138483074","https://openalex.org/W3138687237","https://openalex.org/W3144352106","https://openalex.org/W3153956831","https://openalex.org/W3163800638","https://openalex.org/W3164581399","https://openalex.org/W3173781109","https://openalex.org/W3181720389","https://openalex.org/W3182160338","https://openalex.org/W3186021768","https://openalex.org/W3193797930","https://openalex.org/W3201761402","https://openalex.org/W3206799670","https://openalex.org/W3207270865","https://openalex.org/W3213256843","https://openalex.org/W4200177291","https://openalex.org/W4210324537","https://openalex.org/W4214526881","https://openalex.org/W4214722146","https://openalex.org/W4214888676","https://openalex.org/W4214916676","https://openalex.org/W4220676684","https://openalex.org/W4221103185","https://openalex.org/W4221131751","https://openalex.org/W4224995951","https://openalex.org/W4226376683","https://openalex.org/W4282937730","https://openalex.org/W4283013264","https://openalex.org/W4285084439","https://openalex.org/W4285178885","https://openalex.org/W4290975392","https://openalex.org/W4295235678","https://openalex.org/W4296162804","https://openalex.org/W4297963071","https://openalex.org/W4306911633","https://openalex.org/W4307291327","https://openalex.org/W4307838855","https://openalex.org/W4310482331","https://openalex.org/W4311663427","https://openalex.org/W4312065607","https://openalex.org/W4313544921","https://openalex.org/W4313621271","https://openalex.org/W4315797275","https://openalex.org/W4321498632","https://openalex.org/W4322621204","https://openalex.org/W4324304780","https://openalex.org/W4360798713","https://openalex.org/W4361274209","https://openalex.org/W4362602900","https://openalex.org/W4364351863","https://openalex.org/W4366277387","https://openalex.org/W4367669218","https://openalex.org/W4377245854","https://openalex.org/W4378574795","https://openalex.org/W4379793826","https://openalex.org/W4382200058","https://openalex.org/W4383103464","https://openalex.org/W4383197836","https://openalex.org/W4383313763","https://openalex.org/W4384925274","https://openalex.org/W4385556556","https://openalex.org/W4385800074","https://openalex.org/W4386498095","https://openalex.org/W4386808172","https://openalex.org/W4386887825","https://openalex.org/W4387241357","https://openalex.org/W4387730476","https://openalex.org/W4388026514","https://openalex.org/W4388638464","https://openalex.org/W4388704467","https://openalex.org/W4389037528","https://openalex.org/W4389045834","https://openalex.org/W4389166480","https://openalex.org/W4391014422","https://openalex.org/W4391095360","https://openalex.org/W4391486222","https://openalex.org/W4391689348","https://openalex.org/W4391747481","https://openalex.org/W4392345726","https://openalex.org/W4392755989","https://openalex.org/W4392871882","https://openalex.org/W4393218996","https://openalex.org/W4393380646","https://openalex.org/W4395664322","https://openalex.org/W4396607935","https://openalex.org/W4396773841","https://openalex.org/W4396976285","https://openalex.org/W4399320154","https://openalex.org/W4399566755","https://openalex.org/W4400174347","https://openalex.org/W4401483125","https://openalex.org/W4401485195","https://openalex.org/W4401544042","https://openalex.org/W4402234275","https://openalex.org/W4402838646","https://openalex.org/W4403081566","https://openalex.org/W4403584831","https://openalex.org/W4403667674","https://openalex.org/W4403798536","https://openalex.org/W4403873664","https://openalex.org/W4404597659","https://openalex.org/W4404729455","https://openalex.org/W4404781395","https://openalex.org/W4405365675","https://openalex.org/W4407065203","https://openalex.org/W4407844384","https://openalex.org/W4408041813","https://openalex.org/W4408290372","https://openalex.org/W4408359761","https://openalex.org/W4408384406","https://openalex.org/W4408694840","https://openalex.org/W4408815023","https://openalex.org/W4408902391","https://openalex.org/W4409054342","https://openalex.org/W4409199046","https://openalex.org/W4409246969","https://openalex.org/W4409668162","https://openalex.org/W4410245416","https://openalex.org/W4410452519","https://openalex.org/W4411140303","https://openalex.org/W4411377272","https://openalex.org/W4411439463","https://openalex.org/W4411474669","https://openalex.org/W4412695564","https://openalex.org/W4412931523","https://openalex.org/W4413315569","https://openalex.org/W4413594428","https://openalex.org/W4413790625","https://openalex.org/W4413916194","https://openalex.org/W4413930874","https://openalex.org/W4414336529","https://openalex.org/W4414399498","https://openalex.org/W4414491350","https://openalex.org/W4414844656","https://openalex.org/W4415024924","https://openalex.org/W4415680508","https://openalex.org/W4415681054","https://openalex.org/W4415954740","https://openalex.org/W4416894653","https://openalex.org/W4416955628","https://openalex.org/W4417075045","https://openalex.org/W7124465004","https://openalex.org/W7172551054"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3150197927","https://openalex.org/W4213432694","https://openalex.org/W2919655320","https://openalex.org/W4376223700","https://openalex.org/W7127167992","https://openalex.org/W2228877032","https://openalex.org/W3135181063","https://openalex.org/W3083337117","https://openalex.org/W4294475837","https://openalex.org/W7163698763"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Type":[0],"1":[1],"Diabetes":[2],"(T1D)":[3],"is":[4,11],"a":[5,20,42,63,122,241],"common":[6],"autoimmune":[7,35],"disease":[8,165],"worldwide,":[9],"which":[10,113],"associated":[12],"with":[13,162],"imbalanced":[14],"gut":[15],"microbiota.":[16],"Intestinal":[17],"dysbiosis":[18],"plays":[19],"key":[21,110],"role":[22],"in":[23,100,134,140,150,199,226],"the":[24,56,73,90,101,109,116,138,151,174,194,200,222,227],"pathogenesis":[25],"of":[26,37,58,92,98,103,125,142,156,176,197,202,224,229],"T1D,":[27,157,230],"and":[28,34,54,70,80,94,153,158,167,215,239],"it":[29,106,120,171,220],"may":[30],"affect":[31],"immune":[32,52,71],"tolerance":[33],"responses":[36],"pancreatic":[38],"islet":[39],"\u03b2-cells.":[40],"As":[41],"potential":[43],"immunomodulator,":[44],"probiotics":[45,61,99,114,198,225],"can":[46],"help":[47],"restore":[48,68],"this":[49,189],"balance,":[50],"regulate":[51,115],"responses,":[53],"reduce":[55],"risk":[57],"T1D.":[59,104],"Although":[60],"offer":[62],"logical":[64],"immunomodulatory":[65],"strategy":[66],"to":[67,181,193,232],"microbial":[69],"homeostasis,":[72],"translational":[74],"gap":[75],"between":[76],"robust":[77],"preclinical":[78],"mechanisms":[79,91],"inconsistent":[81],"clinical":[82,95,127,247],"outcomes":[83],"remains":[84],"poorly":[85],"defined.":[86],"This":[87],"review":[88,190],"summarizes":[89],"action":[93],"research":[96],"progress":[97],"immunotherapy":[102],"Firstly,":[105],"elaborates":[107],"on":[108,129],"pathways":[111],"through":[112],"gut-immune-pancreas":[117],"axis.":[118],"Subsequently,":[119],"conducts":[121],"comparative":[123],"analysis":[124],"important":[126,183],"trials":[128],"probiotic":[130,236],"therapy":[131,237],"for":[132,185,245],"T1D":[133,203],"recent":[135],"years,":[136],"comparing":[137],"differences":[139],"efficacy":[141],"different":[143,146],"intervention":[144],"timings,":[145],"bacterial":[147],"strains,":[148],"etc.,":[149],"prevention":[152],"adjuvant":[154],"treatment":[155,228],"explores":[159],"their":[160],"relationships":[161],"patients'":[163],"age,":[164],"duration,":[166],"genetic":[168],"background.":[169],"Meanwhile,":[170],"points":[172],"out":[173],"limitations":[175],"current":[177],"research,":[178],"so":[179],"as":[180,209],"provide":[182],"references":[184],"future":[186,195],"studies.":[187],"Furthermore,":[188],"looks":[191],"forward":[192],"directions":[196],"field":[201],"immunotherapy,":[204],"including":[205],"innovative":[206],"approaches":[207],"such":[208],"engineered":[210],"bacteria":[211],"transformation,":[212],"targeted":[213],"delivery,":[214],"personalized":[216],"microbiota":[217],"intervention.":[218],"Finally,":[219],"evaluates":[221],"safety":[223],"aiming":[231],"explore":[233],"an":[234],"individualized":[235],"method":[238],"lay":[240],"more":[242],"reliable":[243],"foundation":[244],"subsequent":[246],"translation.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-10-08T00:00:00"}